diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 8d2ccddc4..7e015af3e 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -325,9 +325,9 @@ ifdef LLAMA_DEBUG
 	endif
 else
 	MK_CPPFLAGS   += -DNDEBUG
-	MK_CFLAGS     += -O3
-	MK_CXXFLAGS   += -O3
-	MK_NVCCFLAGS  += -O3
+	MK_CFLAGS     += -O3 -g
+	MK_CXXFLAGS   += -O3 -g
+	MK_NVCCFLAGS  += -O3 -g
 endif
 
 ifdef LLAMA_SANITIZE_THREAD
diff --git a/examples/eval-callback/eval-callback.cpp b/examples/eval-callback/eval-callback.cpp
index c8a3016a4..37d30ab8c 100644
--- a/examples/eval-callback/eval-callback.cpp
+++ b/examples/eval-callback/eval-callback.cpp
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ static void ggml_print_tensor(uint8_t * data, ggml_type type, const int64_t * ne
                     } else if (type == GGML_TYPE_I8) {
                         v = (float) *(int8_t *) &data[i];
                     } else {
-                        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                     }
                     printf("%12.4f", v);
                     sum += v;
diff --git a/examples/imatrix/imatrix.cpp b/examples/imatrix/imatrix.cpp
index 574f5ed9c..6ce1863cf 100644
--- a/examples/imatrix/imatrix.cpp
+++ b/examples/imatrix/imatrix.cpp
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ bool IMatrixCollector::collect_imatrix(struct ggml_tensor * t, bool ask, void *
         }
         else if (e.values.size() != (size_t)src1->ne[0]*n_as) {
             fprintf(stderr, "Oops: inconsistent size for %s (%d vs %d)\n", wname.c_str(), (int)e.values.size(), (int)src1->ne[0]*n_as);
-            exit(1); //GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            exit(1); //GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
         if (m_params.verbosity > 1) {
             printf("%s[%d]: %32s, %s, %5d x %5d, %d\n", __func__, m_last_call, wname.c_str(), ggml_op_name(t->op), (int)src1->ne[0], (int)src1->ne[2], (int)src1->type);
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ bool IMatrixCollector::collect_imatrix(struct ggml_tensor * t, bool ask, void *
         }
         else if (e.values.size() != (size_t)src1->ne[0]) {
             fprintf(stderr, "Oops: inconsistent size for %s (%d vs %d)\n", wname.c_str(), (int)e.values.size(), (int)src1->ne[0]);
-            exit(1); //GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            exit(1); //GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
         ++e.ncall;
         if (m_params.verbosity > 1) {
diff --git a/examples/llama-bench/llama-bench.cpp b/examples/llama-bench/llama-bench.cpp
index a6497b6e0..521fa8880 100644
--- a/examples/llama-bench/llama-bench.cpp
+++ b/examples/llama-bench/llama-bench.cpp
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ static const char * output_format_str(output_formats format) {
         case JSON:     return "json";
         case MARKDOWN: return "md";
         case SQL:      return "sql";
-        default: GGML_ASSERT(!"invalid output format");
+        default: GGML_ABORT("invalid output format");
     }
 }
 
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ static const char * split_mode_str(llama_split_mode mode) {
         case LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_NONE:  return "none";
         case LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_LAYER: return "layer";
         case LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_ROW:   return "row";
-        default: GGML_ASSERT(!"invalid split mode");
+        default: GGML_ABORT("invalid split mode");
     }
 }
 
@@ -1326,7 +1326,7 @@ static std::unique_ptr<printer> create_printer(output_formats format) {
         case SQL:
             return std::unique_ptr<printer>(new sql_printer());
     }
-    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
diff --git a/examples/llava/clip.cpp b/examples/llava/clip.cpp
index d23e282fb..7cda5f10c 100644
--- a/examples/llava/clip.cpp
+++ b/examples/llava/clip.cpp
@@ -869,7 +869,7 @@ static ggml_cgraph * clip_image_build_graph(clip_ctx * ctx, const clip_image_f32
             embeddings = peg_0;
         }
         else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/examples/tokenize/tokenize.cpp b/examples/tokenize/tokenize.cpp
index 2afb6024c..17f5e4961 100644
--- a/examples/tokenize/tokenize.cpp
+++ b/examples/tokenize/tokenize.cpp
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ static void write_utf8_cstr_to_stdout(const char * str, bool & invalid_utf8) {
                 printf(">");
                 return;
             }
-            GGML_ASSERT(false && "MultiByteToWideChar() failed in an unexpected way.");
+            GGML_ABORT("MultiByteToWideChar() failed in an unexpected way.");
         }
 
         LPWSTR wstr = (LPWSTR) calloc(length_needed+1, sizeof(*wstr));
diff --git a/ggml/include/ggml.h b/ggml/include/ggml.h
index 548661b9b..464d765da 100644
--- a/ggml/include/ggml.h
+++ b/ggml/include/ggml.h
@@ -254,18 +254,8 @@
 
 #define GGML_PAD(x, n) (((x) + (n) - 1) & ~((n) - 1))
 
-#define GGML_ASSERT(x) \
-    do { \
-        if (!(x)) { \
-            fflush(stdout); \
-            fprintf(stderr, "GGML_ASSERT: %s:%d: %s\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, #x); \
-            ggml_print_backtrace(); \
-            abort(); \
-        } \
-    } while (0)
-
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-#define GGML_UNREACHABLE() GGML_ASSERT(!"statement should not be reached")
+#define GGML_UNREACHABLE() do { fprintf(stderr, "statement should be unreachable\n"); abort(); } while(0)
 #elif defined(__GNUC__)
 #define GGML_UNREACHABLE() __builtin_unreachable()
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
@@ -274,6 +264,17 @@
 #define GGML_UNREACHABLE() ((void) 0)
 #endif
 
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#define GGML_NORETURN [[noreturn]]
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#define GGML_NORETURN __declspec(noreturn)
+#else
+#define GGML_NORETURN _Noreturn
+#endif
+
+#define GGML_ABORT(...) ggml_abort(__FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define GGML_ASSERT(x) if (!(x)) GGML_ABORT("GGML_ASSERT(%s) failed", #x)
+
 // used to copy the number of elements and stride in bytes of tensors into local variables.
 // main purpose is to reduce code duplication and improve readability.
 //
@@ -322,6 +323,9 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
+    GGML_NORETURN GGML_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(3, 4)
+    GGML_API void ggml_abort(const char * file, int line, const char * fmt, ...);
+
     enum ggml_status {
         GGML_STATUS_ALLOC_FAILED = -2,
         GGML_STATUS_FAILED = -1,
@@ -636,8 +640,11 @@ extern "C" {
         GGML_CGRAPH_EVAL_ORDER_COUNT
     };
 
+    typedef uint32_t ggml_bitset_t;
+
     struct ggml_hash_set {
         size_t size;
+        ggml_bitset_t * used;
         struct ggml_tensor ** keys;
     };
 
@@ -651,7 +658,7 @@ extern "C" {
         struct ggml_tensor ** grads;
         struct ggml_tensor ** leafs;
 
-        struct ggml_hash_set visited_hash_table;
+        struct ggml_hash_set visited_hash_set;
 
         enum ggml_cgraph_eval_order order;
     };
@@ -698,8 +705,6 @@ extern "C" {
     GGML_API int64_t ggml_cycles(void);
     GGML_API int64_t ggml_cycles_per_ms(void);
 
-    GGML_API void    ggml_print_backtrace(void);
-
     // accepts a UTF-8 path, even on Windows
     GGML_API FILE *  ggml_fopen(const char * fname, const char * mode);
 
@@ -2005,8 +2010,8 @@ extern "C" {
 
     // ggml_graph_plan() has to be called before ggml_graph_compute()
     // when plan.work_size > 0, caller must allocate memory for plan.work_data
-    GGML_API struct ggml_cplan ggml_graph_plan            (const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, int n_threads /*= GGML_DEFAULT_N_THREADS*/);
-    GGML_API enum ggml_status  ggml_graph_compute         (      struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, struct ggml_cplan * cplan);
+    GGML_API struct ggml_cplan ggml_graph_plan   (const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, int n_threads /*= GGML_DEFAULT_N_THREADS*/);
+    GGML_API enum ggml_status  ggml_graph_compute(      struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, struct ggml_cplan * cplan);
     // same as ggml_graph_compute() but the work data is allocated as a part of the context
     // note: the drawback of this API is that you must have ensured that the context has enough memory for the work data
     GGML_API enum ggml_status  ggml_graph_compute_with_ctx(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, int n_threads);
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-alloc.c b/ggml/src/ggml-alloc.c
index e176b883e..e485326ab 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-alloc.c
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-alloc.c
@@ -91,8 +91,7 @@ void ggml_tallocr_alloc(struct ggml_tallocr * talloc, struct ggml_tensor * tenso
     if (talloc->offset + size > ggml_backend_buffer_get_size(talloc->buffer)) {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: not enough space in the buffer to allocate %s (needed %zu, available %zu)\n",
                 __func__, tensor->name, size, ggml_backend_buffer_get_size(talloc->buffer) - talloc->offset);
-        GGML_ASSERT(!"not enough space in the buffer");
-        return;
+        GGML_ABORT("not enough space in the buffer");
     }
 
     void * addr = (char *)ggml_backend_buffer_get_base(talloc->buffer) + talloc->offset;
@@ -133,7 +132,7 @@ static void add_allocated_tensor(struct ggml_dyn_tallocr * alloc, size_t offset,
             return;
         }
     }
-    GGML_ASSERT(!"out of allocated_tensors");
+    GGML_ABORT("out of allocated_tensors");
 }
 static void remove_allocated_tensor(struct ggml_dyn_tallocr * alloc, size_t offset, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor) {
     for (int i = 0; i < 1024; i++) {
@@ -142,8 +141,7 @@ static void remove_allocated_tensor(struct ggml_dyn_tallocr * alloc, size_t offs
             return;
         }
     }
-    fprintf(stderr, "tried to free tensor %s not found\n", tensor->name);
-    GGML_ASSERT(!"tensor not found");
+    GGML_ABORT("tried to free tensor %s not found\n", tensor->name);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -176,8 +174,7 @@ static size_t ggml_dyn_tallocr_alloc(struct ggml_dyn_tallocr * alloc, size_t siz
             // this should never happen
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: not enough space in the buffer to allocate %zu bytes, largest block available %zu bytes\n",
                     __func__, size, max_avail);
-            GGML_ASSERT(!"not enough space in the buffer");
-            GGML_UNREACHABLE();
+            GGML_ABORT("not enough space in the buffer");
         }
     }
 
@@ -443,7 +440,7 @@ void ggml_gallocr_free(ggml_gallocr_t galloc) {
         }
     }
 
-    free(galloc->hash_set.keys);
+    ggml_hash_set_free(&galloc->hash_set);
     free(galloc->hash_values);
     free(galloc->bufts);
     free(galloc->buffers);
@@ -456,7 +453,7 @@ void ggml_gallocr_free(ggml_gallocr_t galloc) {
 typedef struct ggml_gallocr * ggml_gallocr_t;
 
 static struct hash_node * ggml_gallocr_hash_get(ggml_gallocr_t galloc, struct ggml_tensor * t) {
-    size_t i = ggml_hash_find_or_insert(galloc->hash_set, t);
+    size_t i = ggml_hash_find_or_insert(&galloc->hash_set, t);
     return &galloc->hash_values[i];
 }
 
@@ -565,8 +562,8 @@ static int get_node_buffer_id(const int * node_buffer_ids, int i) {
 
 static void ggml_gallocr_alloc_graph_impl(ggml_gallocr_t galloc, struct ggml_cgraph * graph, const int * node_buffer_ids, const int * leaf_buffer_ids) {
     // clear hash tables
-    memset(galloc->hash_set.keys, 0, galloc->hash_set.size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
-    memset(galloc->hash_values,   0, galloc->hash_set.size * sizeof(struct hash_node));
+    ggml_hash_set_reset(&galloc->hash_set);
+    memset(galloc->hash_values, 0, sizeof(struct hash_node) * galloc->hash_set.size);
 
     // allocate leafs
     // these may be tensors that the application is not using in the graph, but may still want to allocate for other purposes
@@ -671,21 +668,19 @@ static void ggml_gallocr_alloc_graph_impl(ggml_gallocr_t galloc, struct ggml_cgr
 }
 
 bool ggml_gallocr_reserve_n(ggml_gallocr_t galloc, struct ggml_cgraph * graph, const int * node_buffer_ids, const int * leaf_buffer_ids) {
-    size_t hash_size = graph->visited_hash_table.size;
+    size_t min_hash_size = graph->n_nodes + graph->n_leafs;
+    // add 25% margin to avoid hash collisions
+    min_hash_size += min_hash_size / 4;
 
     // initialize hash table
-    if (galloc->hash_set.size < hash_size) {
-        free(galloc->hash_set.keys);
-        free(galloc->hash_values);
-        galloc->hash_set.size = hash_size;
-        galloc->hash_set.keys = calloc(hash_size, sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
-        galloc->hash_values   = calloc(hash_size, sizeof(struct hash_node));
+    if (galloc->hash_set.size < min_hash_size) {
+        ggml_hash_set_free(&galloc->hash_set);
+        galloc->hash_set = ggml_hash_set_new(min_hash_size);
         GGML_ASSERT(galloc->hash_set.keys != NULL);
+
+        free(galloc->hash_values);
+        galloc->hash_values = malloc(sizeof(struct hash_node) * galloc->hash_set.size);
         GGML_ASSERT(galloc->hash_values != NULL);
-    } else {
-        // reset hash table
-        memset(galloc->hash_set.keys, 0, sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *) * galloc->hash_set.size);
-        memset(galloc->hash_values,   0, sizeof(struct hash_node) * galloc->hash_set.size);
     }
 
     // reset allocators
@@ -817,8 +812,7 @@ static void ggml_gallocr_init_tensor(ggml_gallocr_t galloc, struct ggml_tensor *
 }
 
 static bool ggml_gallocr_node_needs_realloc(ggml_gallocr_t galloc, struct ggml_tensor * node, struct tensor_alloc * talloc) {
-    ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft = talloc->buffer_id != -1 ? galloc->bufts[talloc->buffer_id] : NULL;
-    size_t node_size = (node->data || node->view_src) ? 0 : ggml_backend_buft_get_alloc_size(buft, node);
+    size_t node_size = (node->data || node->view_src) ? 0 : ggml_backend_buft_get_alloc_size(galloc->bufts[talloc->buffer_id], node);
     return talloc->size_max >= node_size;
 }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-backend.c b/ggml/src/ggml-backend.c
index d39cfed88..954ab2072 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-backend.c
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-backend.c
@@ -1055,11 +1055,10 @@ struct ggml_backend_sched {
     ggml_backend_buffer_type_t bufts[GGML_SCHED_MAX_BACKENDS];
     ggml_gallocr_t galloc;
 
-    // hash keys of the nodes in the graph
-    struct ggml_hash_set    hash_set;
-    // hash values
-    int * tensor_backend_id;
-    struct ggml_tensor * (* tensor_copies)[GGML_SCHED_MAX_BACKENDS][GGML_SCHED_MAX_COPIES];
+    // hash map of the nodes in the graph
+    struct ggml_hash_set  hash_set;
+    int                 * hv_tensor_backend_ids; // [hash_set.size]
+    struct ggml_tensor ** hv_tensor_copies;      // [hash_set.size][n_backends][n_copies]
 
     int * node_backend_ids; // [graph_size]
     int * leaf_backend_ids; // [graph_size]
@@ -1068,7 +1067,7 @@ struct ggml_backend_sched {
     int * prev_leaf_backend_ids; // [graph_size]
 
     // copy of the graph with modified inputs
-    struct ggml_cgraph * graph;
+    struct ggml_cgraph graph;
 
     // graph splits
     struct ggml_backend_sched_split * splits;
@@ -1087,19 +1086,16 @@ struct ggml_backend_sched {
     ggml_backend_sched_eval_callback callback_eval;
     void * callback_eval_user_data;
 
-    bool debug;
+    char * context_buffer;
+    size_t context_buffer_size;
 
-    // align context_buffer to GGML_MEM_ALIGN
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-    __declspec(align(GGML_MEM_ALIGN))
-#else
-    __attribute__((aligned(GGML_MEM_ALIGN)))
-#endif
-    char context_buffer[GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLITS*GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS*2*sizeof(struct ggml_tensor) + sizeof(struct ggml_cgraph)];
+    bool debug;
 };
 
-#define hash_id(tensor) ggml_hash_find_or_insert(sched->hash_set, tensor)
-#define tensor_backend_id(tensor) sched->tensor_backend_id[hash_id(tensor)]
+#define hash_id(tensor) ggml_hash_find_or_insert(&sched->hash_set, tensor)
+#define tensor_backend_id(tensor) sched->hv_tensor_backend_ids[hash_id(tensor)]
+#define tensor_id_copy(id, backend_id, copy_id) sched->hv_tensor_copies[(id) * sched->n_backends * sched->n_copies + (backend_id) * sched->n_copies + (copy_id)]
+#define tensor_copy(tensor, backend_id, copy_id) tensor_id_copy(hash_id(tensor), backend_id, copy_id)
 
 // returns the priority of the backend, lower id is higher priority
 static int ggml_backend_sched_backend_id(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, ggml_backend_t backend) {
@@ -1169,7 +1165,6 @@ static int ggml_backend_sched_backend_id_from_cur(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, st
         return cur_backend_id;
     }
 
-    // assign nodes that use weights to the backend of the weights
     // operations with weights are preferably run on the same backend as the weights
     for (int i = 0; i < GGML_MAX_SRC; i++) {
         const struct ggml_tensor * src = tensor->src[i];
@@ -1275,7 +1270,7 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
     sched->is_reset = false;
 
     struct ggml_init_params params = {
-        /* .mem_size =   */ sizeof(sched->context_buffer),
+        /* .mem_size =   */ sched->context_buffer_size,
         /* .mem_buffer = */ sched->context_buffer,
         /* .no_alloc =   */ true
     };
@@ -1284,39 +1279,43 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
 
     sched->ctx = ggml_init(params);
     if (sched->ctx == NULL) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to initialize context\n", __func__);
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("%s: failed to initialize context\n", __func__);
     }
 
     // pass 1: assign backends to ops with pre-allocated inputs
     for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_leafs; i++) {
         struct ggml_tensor * leaf = graph->leafs[i];
         int * leaf_backend_id = &tensor_backend_id(leaf);
-        if (*leaf_backend_id != -1) {
-            // do not overwrite user assignments
-            continue;
+        // do not overwrite user assignments
+        if (*leaf_backend_id == -1) {
+            *leaf_backend_id = ggml_backend_sched_backend_id_from_cur(sched, leaf);
         }
-        *leaf_backend_id = ggml_backend_sched_backend_id_from_cur(sched, leaf);
     }
 
     for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
         struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
         int * node_backend_id = &tensor_backend_id(node);
-        if (*node_backend_id != -1) {
-            // do not overwrite user assignments
-            continue;
-        }
-        *node_backend_id = ggml_backend_sched_backend_id_from_cur(sched, node);
-        // src
-        for (int j = 0; j < GGML_MAX_SRC; j++) {
-            struct ggml_tensor * src = node->src[j];
-            if (src == NULL) {
+        // do not overwrite user assignments
+        if (*node_backend_id == -1) {
+            *node_backend_id = ggml_backend_sched_backend_id_from_cur(sched, node);
+
+#if 0
+            // src
+            if (node->op == GGML_OP_NONE) {
                 continue;
             }
-            int * src_backend_id = &tensor_backend_id(src);
-            if (*src_backend_id == -1) {
-                *src_backend_id = ggml_backend_sched_backend_id_from_cur(sched, src);
+
+            for (int j = 0; j < GGML_MAX_SRC; j++) {
+                struct ggml_tensor * src = node->src[j];
+                if (src == NULL) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                int * src_backend_id = &tensor_backend_id(src);
+                if (*src_backend_id == -1) {
+                    *src_backend_id = ggml_backend_sched_backend_id_from_cur(sched, src);
+                }
             }
+#endif
         }
     }
 
@@ -1488,12 +1487,13 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
         }
     }
 
-    // pass 4: split graph, find tensors that need to be copied
+    // pass 5: split graph, find tensors that need to be copied
     {
         int i_split = 0;
         struct ggml_backend_sched_split * split = &sched->splits[0];
         // find the backend of the first split, skipping view ops
-        for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
+        int i = 0;
+        for (; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
             struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
             if (!ggml_is_view_op(node->op)) {
                 split->backend_id = tensor_backend_id(node);
@@ -1502,9 +1502,8 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
         }
         split->i_start = 0;
         split->n_inputs = 0;
-        memset(split->inputs, 0, sizeof(split->inputs)); //HACK
         int cur_backend_id = split->backend_id;
-        for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
+        for (; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
             struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
 
             if (ggml_is_view_op(node->op)) {
@@ -1513,7 +1512,7 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
 
             const int node_backend_id = tensor_backend_id(node);
 
-            GGML_ASSERT(node_backend_id != -1); // all nodes should be assigned by now
+            assert(node_backend_id != -1); // all nodes should be assigned by now
 
             // check if we should start a new split based on the sources of the current node
             bool need_new_split = false;
@@ -1527,7 +1526,7 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
                     // by starting a new split, the memory of the previously offloaded weights can be reused
                     if (src->buffer != NULL && src->buffer->usage == GGML_BACKEND_BUFFER_USAGE_WEIGHTS) {
                         int src_backend_id = tensor_backend_id(src);
-                        if (src_backend_id != -1 && src_backend_id != cur_backend_id) {
+                        if (src_backend_id != cur_backend_id) {
                             need_new_split = true;
                             break;
                         }
@@ -1536,9 +1535,9 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
                     // FIXME: count the number of inputs instead of only checking when full
                     if (split->n_inputs == GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS) {
                         const size_t id = hash_id(src);
-                        int src_backend_id = sched->tensor_backend_id[id];
+                        int src_backend_id = sched->hv_tensor_backend_ids[id];
                         bool supported = ggml_backend_sched_buffer_supported(sched, src, cur_backend_id);
-                        if (src_backend_id != cur_backend_id && sched->tensor_copies[hash_id(src)][cur_backend_id][0] == NULL && !supported) {
+                        if (src_backend_id != cur_backend_id && tensor_id_copy(id, cur_backend_id, 0) == NULL && !supported) {
                             //printf("starting new split because of too many inputs: node %s, input %s\n", node->name, src->name);
                             need_new_split = true;
                             break;
@@ -1570,12 +1569,12 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                const int src_backend_id = tensor_backend_id(src);
+                size_t src_id = hash_id(src);
+                const int src_backend_id = sched->hv_tensor_backend_ids[src_id];
                 assert(src_backend_id != -1); // all inputs should be assigned by now
 
                 if (src->flags & GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_INPUT && sched->n_copies > 1) {
-                    size_t id = hash_id(src);
-                    if (sched->tensor_copies[id][src_backend_id][0] == NULL) {
+                    if (tensor_id_copy(src_id, src_backend_id, 0) == NULL) {
                         ggml_backend_t backend = sched->backends[src_backend_id];
                         for (int c = 0; c < sched->n_copies; c++) {
                             struct ggml_tensor * tensor_copy;
@@ -1589,7 +1588,7 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
                                 ggml_set_input(tensor_copy);
                                 ggml_set_output(tensor_copy); // prevent ggml-alloc from overwriting the tensor
                             }
-                            sched->tensor_copies[id][src_backend_id][c] = tensor_copy;
+                            tensor_id_copy(src_id, src_backend_id, c) = tensor_copy;
                             SET_CAUSE(tensor_copy, "4.cpy");
                         }
                         int n_graph_inputs = sched->n_graph_inputs++;
@@ -1598,11 +1597,9 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
                     }
                 }
 
-                bool supported = ggml_backend_sched_buffer_supported(sched, src, cur_backend_id);
-                if (src_backend_id != cur_backend_id && !supported) {
+                if (src_backend_id != cur_backend_id && !ggml_backend_sched_buffer_supported(sched, src, cur_backend_id)) {
                     // create a copy of the input in the split's backend
-                    const size_t id = hash_id(src);
-                    if (sched->tensor_copies[id][cur_backend_id][0] == NULL) {
+                    if (tensor_id_copy(src_id, cur_backend_id, 0) == NULL) {
                         ggml_backend_t backend = sched->backends[cur_backend_id];
                         for (int c = 0; c < sched->n_copies; c++) {
                             struct ggml_tensor * tensor_copy = ggml_dup_tensor_layout(sched->ctx, src);
@@ -1611,14 +1608,14 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
                                 ggml_set_input(tensor_copy);
                                 ggml_set_output(tensor_copy); // prevent ggml-alloc from overwriting the tensor
                             }
-                            sched->tensor_copies[id][cur_backend_id][c] = tensor_copy;
+                            tensor_id_copy(src_id, cur_backend_id, c) = tensor_copy;
                             SET_CAUSE(tensor_copy, "4.cpy");
                         }
                         int n_inputs = split->n_inputs++;
                         GGML_ASSERT(n_inputs < GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS);
                         split->inputs[n_inputs] = src;
                     }
-                    node->src[j] = sched->tensor_copies[id][cur_backend_id][sched->cur_copy];
+                    node->src[j] = tensor_id_copy(src_id, cur_backend_id, sched->cur_copy);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1630,7 +1627,7 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
         ggml_backend_sched_print_assignments(sched, graph);
     }
 
-    // swap node_backend_ids and leaf_backend_ids and prevs
+    // swap node_backend_ids and leaf _backend_ids with prevs
     {
         int * tmp = sched->node_backend_ids;
         sched->node_backend_ids = sched->prev_node_backend_ids;
@@ -1641,9 +1638,19 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
         sched->prev_leaf_backend_ids = tmp;
     }
 
-    // create copies of the graph for each split
-    // TODO: avoid this copy
-    struct ggml_cgraph * graph_copy = ggml_new_graph_custom(sched->ctx, graph->n_nodes + sched->n_splits*GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS*2, false);
+    int graph_size = graph->n_nodes + sched->n_splits*GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS*2;
+    if (sched->graph.size < graph_size) {
+        sched->graph.size = graph_size;
+        sched->graph.nodes = realloc(sched->graph.nodes, graph_size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
+        sched->graph.leafs = realloc(sched->graph.leafs, graph_size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
+        GGML_ASSERT(sched->graph.nodes != NULL);
+        GGML_ASSERT(sched->graph.leafs != NULL);
+    }
+    sched->graph.n_nodes = 0;
+    sched->graph.n_leafs = 0;
+
+    struct ggml_cgraph * graph_copy = &sched->graph;
+
     for (int i = 0; i < sched->n_splits; i++) {
         struct ggml_backend_sched_split * split = &sched->splits[i];
         split->graph = ggml_graph_view(graph, split->i_start, split->i_end);
@@ -1654,12 +1661,12 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
 
             struct ggml_tensor * input = split->inputs[j];
             const size_t input_id = hash_id(input);
-            struct ggml_tensor * input_cpy = sched->tensor_copies[input_id][split->backend_id][sched->cur_copy];
+            struct ggml_tensor * input_cpy = tensor_id_copy(input_id, split->backend_id, sched->cur_copy);
 
             // add a dependency to the input source so that it is not freed before the copy is done
             struct ggml_tensor * input_dep = ggml_view_tensor(sched->ctx, input);
             input_dep->src[0] = input;
-            sched->node_backend_ids[graph_copy->n_nodes] = sched->tensor_backend_id[input_id];
+            sched->node_backend_ids[graph_copy->n_nodes] = sched->hv_tensor_backend_ids[input_id];
             graph_copy->nodes[graph_copy->n_nodes++] = input_dep;
 
             // add a dependency to the input copy so that it is allocated at the start of the split
@@ -1681,7 +1688,7 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
             size_t id = hash_id(input);
             int backend_id = tensor_backend_id(input);
             for (int c = 0; c < sched->n_copies; c++) {
-                struct ggml_tensor * input_cpy = sched->tensor_copies[id][backend_id][c];
+                struct ggml_tensor * input_cpy = tensor_id_copy(id, backend_id, c);
                 sched->leaf_backend_ids[graph_copy->n_leafs] = backend_id;
                 graph_copy->leafs[graph_copy->n_leafs++] = input_cpy;
             }
@@ -1694,7 +1701,7 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
                 struct ggml_tensor * input = split->inputs[j];
                 size_t id = hash_id(input);
                 for (int c = 0; c < sched->n_copies; c++) {
-                    struct ggml_tensor * input_cpy = sched->tensor_copies[id][backend_id][c];
+                    struct ggml_tensor * input_cpy = tensor_id_copy(id, backend_id, c);
                     sched->leaf_backend_ids[graph_copy->n_leafs] = backend_id;
                     graph_copy->leafs[graph_copy->n_leafs++] = input_cpy;
                 }
@@ -1708,13 +1715,11 @@ static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
         sched->leaf_backend_ids[graph_copy->n_leafs] = tensor_backend_id(leaf);
         graph_copy->leafs[graph_copy->n_leafs++] = leaf;
     }
-
-    sched->graph = graph_copy;
 }
 
 static bool ggml_backend_sched_alloc_splits(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
     bool backend_ids_changed = false;
-    for (int i = 0; i < sched->graph->n_nodes; i++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < sched->graph.n_nodes; i++) {
         if (sched->node_backend_ids[i] != sched->prev_node_backend_ids[i] &&
             sched->bufts[sched->node_backend_ids[i]] != sched->bufts[sched->prev_node_backend_ids[i]]) {
             backend_ids_changed = true;
@@ -1722,7 +1727,7 @@ static bool ggml_backend_sched_alloc_splits(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
         }
     }
     if (!backend_ids_changed) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < sched->graph->n_leafs; i++) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < sched->graph.n_leafs; i++) {
             if (sched->leaf_backend_ids[i] != sched->prev_leaf_backend_ids[i] &&
                 sched->bufts[sched->leaf_backend_ids[i]] != sched->bufts[sched->prev_leaf_backend_ids[i]]) {
                 backend_ids_changed = true;
@@ -1732,14 +1737,14 @@ static bool ggml_backend_sched_alloc_splits(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
     }
 
     // allocate graph
-    if (backend_ids_changed || !ggml_gallocr_alloc_graph(sched->galloc, sched->graph)) {
+    if (backend_ids_changed || !ggml_gallocr_alloc_graph(sched->galloc, &sched->graph)) {
         // the re-allocation may cause the split inputs to be moved to a different address
         ggml_backend_sched_synchronize(sched);
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to allocate graph, reserving\n", __func__);
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to allocate graph, reserving (backend_ids_changed = %d)\n", __func__, backend_ids_changed);
 #endif
-        ggml_gallocr_reserve_n(sched->galloc, sched->graph, sched->node_backend_ids, sched->leaf_backend_ids);
-        if (!ggml_gallocr_alloc_graph(sched->galloc, sched->graph)) {
+        ggml_gallocr_reserve_n(sched->galloc, &sched->graph, sched->node_backend_ids, sched->leaf_backend_ids);
+        if (!ggml_gallocr_alloc_graph(sched->galloc, &sched->graph)) {
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to allocate graph\n", __func__);
             return false;
         }
@@ -1760,7 +1765,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_sched_compute_splits(ggml_backend_sched_t s
         for (int j = 0; j < split->n_inputs; j++) {
             ggml_backend_t input_backend = ggml_backend_sched_get_tensor_backend(sched, split->inputs[j]);
             struct ggml_tensor * input = split->inputs[j];
-            struct ggml_tensor * input_cpy = sched->tensor_copies[hash_id(input)][split_backend_id][sched->cur_copy];
+            struct ggml_tensor * input_cpy = tensor_copy(input, split_backend_id, sched->cur_copy);
 
             if (input->flags & GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_INPUT) {
                 // inputs from the user must be copied immediately to prevent the user overwriting the data before the copy is done
@@ -1846,21 +1851,23 @@ ggml_backend_sched_t ggml_backend_sched_new(
     struct ggml_backend_sched * sched = calloc(1, sizeof(struct ggml_backend_sched));
 
     sched->debug = getenv("GGML_SCHED_DEBUG") != NULL;
+    sched->n_backends = n_backends;
+    sched->n_copies = parallel ? GGML_SCHED_MAX_COPIES : 1;
 
     // initialize hash table
-    sched->hash_set          = ggml_hash_set_new(graph_size);
-    sched->tensor_backend_id = calloc(sched->hash_set.size, sizeof(sched->tensor_backend_id[0]));
-    sched->tensor_copies     = calloc(sched->hash_set.size, sizeof(sched->tensor_copies[0]));
+    // FIXME: needs to be size*2 to account for leafs (do it in graph_split instead)
+    sched->hash_set    = ggml_hash_set_new(graph_size);
+    sched->hv_tensor_backend_ids = malloc(sched->hash_set.size * sizeof(sched->hv_tensor_backend_ids[0]));
+    sched->hv_tensor_copies      = malloc(sched->hash_set.size * sched->n_backends * sched->n_copies * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
 
     const size_t nodes_size = graph_size + GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLITS*GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS*2;
-    sched->node_backend_ids  = calloc(nodes_size, sizeof(sched->node_backend_ids[0]));
-    sched->leaf_backend_ids  = calloc(nodes_size, sizeof(sched->leaf_backend_ids[0]));
+    sched->node_backend_ids = calloc(nodes_size, sizeof(sched->node_backend_ids[0]));
+    sched->leaf_backend_ids = calloc(nodes_size, sizeof(sched->leaf_backend_ids[0]));
     sched->prev_node_backend_ids = calloc(nodes_size, sizeof(sched->prev_node_backend_ids[0]));
     sched->prev_leaf_backend_ids = calloc(nodes_size, sizeof(sched->prev_leaf_backend_ids[0]));
 
-    sched->n_backends = n_backends;
-
-    sched->n_copies = parallel ? GGML_SCHED_MAX_COPIES : 1;
+    sched->context_buffer_size = GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLITS*GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS*2*sizeof(struct ggml_tensor) + ggml_graph_overhead_custom(graph_size, false);
+    sched->context_buffer = malloc(sched->context_buffer_size);
 
     const int initial_splits_capacity = 16;
     sched->splits = calloc(initial_splits_capacity, sizeof(sched->splits[0]));
@@ -1895,37 +1902,37 @@ void ggml_backend_sched_free(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
     }
     ggml_gallocr_free(sched->galloc);
     ggml_free(sched->ctx);
+    ggml_hash_set_free(&sched->hash_set);
     free(sched->splits);
-    free(sched->hash_set.keys);
-    free(sched->tensor_backend_id);
-    free(sched->tensor_copies);
+    free(sched->hv_tensor_backend_ids);
+    free(sched->hv_tensor_copies);
     free(sched->node_backend_ids);
     free(sched->leaf_backend_ids);
     free(sched->prev_node_backend_ids);
     free(sched->prev_leaf_backend_ids);
+    free(sched->context_buffer);
+    free(sched->graph.nodes);
+    free(sched->graph.leafs);
     free(sched);
 }
 
 void ggml_backend_sched_reset(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
     // reset state for the next run
     if (!sched->is_reset) {
-        size_t hash_size = sched->hash_set.size;
-        memset(sched->hash_set.keys,      0, sizeof(sched->hash_set.keys[0])     * hash_size); // NOLINT
-        memset(sched->tensor_backend_id, -1, sizeof(sched->tensor_backend_id[0]) * hash_size);
-        memset(sched->tensor_copies,      0, sizeof(sched->tensor_copies[0])     * hash_size);
-
+        ggml_hash_set_reset(&sched->hash_set);
+        memset(sched->hv_tensor_backend_ids, -1, sched->hash_set.size * sizeof(sched->hv_tensor_backend_ids[0]));
+        memset(sched->hv_tensor_copies,       0, sched->hash_set.size * sched->n_backends * sched->n_copies * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
         sched->is_reset = true;
     }
     sched->is_alloc = false;
 }
 
 bool ggml_backend_sched_reserve(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * measure_graph) {
-    GGML_ASSERT((int)sched->hash_set.size >= measure_graph->n_nodes);
+    GGML_ASSERT((int)sched->hash_set.size >= measure_graph->n_nodes + measure_graph->n_leafs);
 
     ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(sched, measure_graph);
 
-    // TODO: extract this to a separate function
-    if (!ggml_gallocr_reserve_n(sched->galloc, sched->graph, sched->node_backend_ids, sched->leaf_backend_ids)) {
+    if (!ggml_gallocr_reserve_n(sched->galloc, &sched->graph, sched->node_backend_ids, sched->leaf_backend_ids)) {
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -1936,10 +1943,11 @@ bool ggml_backend_sched_reserve(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph *
 }
 
 bool ggml_backend_sched_alloc_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * graph) {
-    GGML_ASSERT((int)sched->hash_set.size >= graph->n_nodes);
+    GGML_ASSERT((int)sched->hash_set.size >= graph->n_nodes + graph->n_leafs);
 
     ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(sched, graph);
 
+
     if (!ggml_backend_sched_alloc_splits(sched)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -2009,6 +2017,7 @@ void ggml_backend_sched_set_tensor_backend(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct gg
     GGML_ASSERT(backend_index >= 0 && backend_index < sched->n_backends);
     tensor_backend_id(node) = backend_index;
     SET_CAUSE(node, "usr");
+    sched->is_reset = false;
 }
 
 ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_sched_get_tensor_backend(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_tensor * node) {
@@ -2051,9 +2060,9 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * graph_copy_dup_tensor(struct ggml_hash_set hash_set,
     GGML_ASSERT(src != NULL);
     GGML_ASSERT(src->data && "graph must be allocated");
 
-    size_t id = ggml_hash_insert(hash_set, src);
-    if (id == GGML_HASHTABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
-        return node_copies[ggml_hash_find(hash_set, src)];
+    size_t id = ggml_hash_insert(&hash_set, src);
+    if (id == GGML_HASHSET_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
+        return node_copies[ggml_hash_find(&hash_set, src)];
     }
 
     struct ggml_tensor * dst = ggml_dup_tensor_layout(src->data && !src->view_src ? ctx_allocated : ctx_unallocated, src);
@@ -2078,7 +2087,7 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * graph_copy_dup_tensor(struct ggml_hash_set hash_set,
     return dst;
 }
 
-static void graph_copy_init_tensor(struct ggml_hash_set hash_set, struct ggml_tensor ** node_copies, bool * node_init, struct ggml_tensor * src) {
+static void graph_copy_init_tensor(struct ggml_hash_set * hash_set, struct ggml_tensor ** node_copies, bool * node_init, struct ggml_tensor * src) {
     size_t id = ggml_hash_find(hash_set, src);
     if (node_init[id]) {
         return;
@@ -2105,10 +2114,7 @@ static void graph_copy_init_tensor(struct ggml_hash_set hash_set, struct ggml_te
 }
 
 struct ggml_backend_graph_copy ggml_backend_graph_copy(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * graph) {
-    struct ggml_hash_set hash_set = {
-        /* .size = */ graph->visited_hash_table.size,
-        /* .keys = */ calloc(graph->visited_hash_table.size, sizeof(hash_set.keys[0])) // NOLINT
-    };
+    struct ggml_hash_set hash_set = ggml_hash_set_new(graph->visited_hash_set.size);
     struct ggml_tensor ** node_copies = calloc(hash_set.size, sizeof(node_copies[0])); // NOLINT
     bool * node_init = calloc(hash_set.size, sizeof(node_init[0]));
 
@@ -2123,7 +2129,7 @@ struct ggml_backend_graph_copy ggml_backend_graph_copy(ggml_backend_t backend, s
 
     if (ctx_allocated == NULL || ctx_unallocated == NULL) {
         fprintf(stderr, "failed to allocate context for graph copy\n");
-        free(hash_set.keys);
+        ggml_hash_set_free(&hash_set);
         free(node_copies);
         free(node_init);
         ggml_free(ctx_allocated);
@@ -2146,7 +2152,7 @@ struct ggml_backend_graph_copy ggml_backend_graph_copy(ggml_backend_t backend, s
     ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = ggml_backend_alloc_ctx_tensors(ctx_allocated, backend);
     if (buffer == NULL) {
         fprintf(stderr, "failed to allocate buffer for graph copy\n");
-        free(hash_set.keys);
+        ggml_hash_set_free(&hash_set);
         free(node_copies);
         free(node_init);
         ggml_free(ctx_allocated);
@@ -2164,19 +2170,19 @@ struct ggml_backend_graph_copy ggml_backend_graph_copy(ggml_backend_t backend, s
     // copy data and init views
     for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
         struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-        graph_copy_init_tensor(hash_set, node_copies, node_init, node);
+        graph_copy_init_tensor(&hash_set, node_copies, node_init, node);
     }
 
     // build graph copy
     struct ggml_cgraph * graph_copy = ggml_new_graph_custom(ctx_allocated, graph->size, false);
     for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
         struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-        struct ggml_tensor * node_copy = node_copies[ggml_hash_find(hash_set, node)];
+        struct ggml_tensor * node_copy = node_copies[ggml_hash_find(&hash_set, node)];
         graph_copy->nodes[i] = node_copy;
     }
     graph_copy->n_nodes = graph->n_nodes;
 
-    free(hash_set.keys);
+    ggml_hash_set_free(&hash_set);
     free(node_copies);
     free(node_init);
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-blas.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-blas.cpp
index a37aa4072..713731735 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-blas.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-blas.cpp
@@ -275,8 +275,7 @@ GGML_CALL static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_blas_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t
                 break;
 
             default:
-                fprintf(stderr, "%s: unsupported op %s\n", __func__, ggml_op_desc(node));
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                GGML_ABORT("%s: unsupported op %s\n", __func__, ggml_op_desc(node));
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cann.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-cann.cpp
index 9bf7e332a..ad5feea05 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cann.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cann.cpp
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ static void ggml_cann_log(enum ggml_log_level level, const char* format, ...) {
             file, line);
     GGML_CANN_LOG_ERROR("  %s\n", stmt);
     // abort with GGML_ASSERT to get a stack trace
-    GGML_ASSERT(!"CANN error");
+    GGML_ABORT("CANN error");
 }
 
 /**
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ struct ggml_cann_pool_leg : public ggml_cann_pool {
         // memory should always buffered. these memory may still needed by
         // tasks in stream.
         // TODO, fix me.
-        GGML_ASSERT(!"Cann buffer pool full, increase MAX_CANN_BUFFERS\n");
+        GGML_ABORT("Cann buffer pool full, increase MAX_CANN_BUFFERS\n");
     }
 };
 
@@ -1874,7 +1874,7 @@ static void ggml_backend_cann_event_wait(ggml_backend_t backend,
         ACL_CHECK(aclrtStreamWaitEvent(cann_ctx->stream(),
                                        (aclrtEvent)event->context));
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cann/aclnn_ops.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-cann/aclnn_ops.cpp
index a02efc828..f27666970 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cann/aclnn_ops.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cann/aclnn_ops.cpp
@@ -844,7 +844,7 @@ void ggml_cann_pool2d(ggml_backend_cann_context& ctx, ggml_tensor* dst) {
             ggml_cann_max_pool2d(ctx, dst);
             break;
         case GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
     }
 }
@@ -931,9 +931,9 @@ void ggml_cann_dup(ggml_backend_cann_context& ctx, ggml_tensor* dst) {
                         ((ggml_tensor*)dst->extra)->nb);
                     return;
                 }
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             }
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
         if (dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
             if (ggml_are_same_shape(src, dst)) {
@@ -955,12 +955,12 @@ void ggml_cann_dup(ggml_backend_cann_context& ctx, ggml_tensor* dst) {
                         ((ggml_tensor*)dst->extra)->nb);
                     return;
                 }
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             }
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
         // TODO
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     } else if (src->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
         // TODO: if (src0->type == dst->type && ne00 == ne0 && nb00 == type_size
         //          && nb0 == type_size)
@@ -991,10 +991,10 @@ void ggml_cann_dup(ggml_backend_cann_context& ctx, ggml_tensor* dst) {
                         ((ggml_tensor*)dst->extra)->nb);
                     return;
                 }
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             } else {
                 // TODO: dst not contiguous
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             }
         }
         if (dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F16) {
@@ -1017,11 +1017,11 @@ void ggml_cann_dup(ggml_backend_cann_context& ctx, ggml_tensor* dst) {
                         ((ggml_tensor*)dst->extra)->nb);
                     return;
                 }
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             }
         }
         // TODO
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     } else {
         if (ggml_are_same_shape(src, dst)) {
             cann_copy(ctx, acl_src, acl_dst);
@@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@ void ggml_cann_dup(ggml_backend_cann_context& ctx, ggml_tensor* dst) {
             ACL_CHECK(aclDestroyTensor(acl_dst));
             return;
         }
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
@@ -2219,7 +2219,7 @@ void ggml_cann_get_rows(ggml_backend_cann_context& ctx, ggml_tensor* dst) {
                 ((ggml_tensor*)dst->extra)->nb);
             break;
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
     }
 }
@@ -2492,7 +2492,7 @@ void ggml_cann_mul_mat(ggml_backend_cann_context& ctx, ggml_tensor* dst) {
             ggml_cann_mul_mat_q8_0(ctx, dst);
             break;
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
     }
 }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda.cu b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda.cu
index e48269e46..54ccf6bb1 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda.cu
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda.cu
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ void ggml_cuda_error(const char * stmt, const char * func, const char * file, in
     GGML_CUDA_LOG_ERROR("  current device: %d, in function %s at %s:%d\n", id, func, file, line);
     GGML_CUDA_LOG_ERROR("  %s\n", stmt);
     // abort with GGML_ASSERT to get a stack trace
-    GGML_ASSERT(!"CUDA error");
+    GGML_ABORT("CUDA error");
 }
 
 // this is faster on Windows
@@ -1596,7 +1596,7 @@ static void ggml_cuda_op_mul_mat(
                     CUDA_CHECK(ggml_cuda_cpy_tensor_2d(
                                 src1_ddf_i, src1, i03, i02, src1_col_0, src1_col_0+src1_ncols, stream));
                 } else {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
 
                 if (quantize_src1 && !src1_is_contiguous) {
@@ -2945,7 +2945,7 @@ static void ggml_backend_cuda_event_wait(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_ev
 
         CUDA_CHECK(cudaLaunchHostFunc(cuda_ctx->stream(), wait_fn, event));
 #endif
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/argsort.cu b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/argsort.cu
index 15757ca18..607ded855 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/argsort.cu
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/argsort.cu
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ static void argsort_f32_i32_cuda(const float * x, int * dst, const int ncols, co
     } else if (order == GGML_SORT_ORDER_DESC) {
         k_argsort_f32_i32<GGML_SORT_ORDER_DESC><<<block_nums, block_dims, shared_mem, stream>>>(x, dst, ncols, ncols_pad);
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/binbcast.cu b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/binbcast.cu
index 19b08b74f..34bc67acd 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/binbcast.cu
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/binbcast.cu
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ static void ggml_cuda_op_bin_bcast(
     } else {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: unsupported types: dst: %s, src0: %s, src1: %s\n", __func__,
             ggml_type_name(dst->type), ggml_type_name(src0->type), ggml_type_name(src1->type));
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/common.cuh b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/common.cuh
index 1c2e00c1e..eac026f47 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/common.cuh
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/common.cuh
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ static __device__ void no_device_code(
 #ifdef __CUDA_ARCH__
 #define NO_DEVICE_CODE no_device_code(__FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__, __CUDA_ARCH__, STRINGIZE(__CUDA_ARCH_LIST__))
 #else
-#define NO_DEVICE_CODE //GGML_ASSERT(false && "NO_DEVICE_CODE not valid in host code.")
+#define NO_DEVICE_CODE //GGML_ABORT("NO_DEVICE_CODE not valid in host code.")
 #endif // __CUDA_ARCH__
 
 static __device__ __forceinline__ float warp_reduce_sum(float x) {
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/cpy.cu b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/cpy.cu
index 3db57034b..aad34bfe5 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/cpy.cu
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/cpy.cu
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ void ggml_cuda_cpy(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, gg
     } else {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: unsupported type combination (%s to %s)\n", __func__,
                 ggml_type_name(src0->type), ggml_type_name(src1->type));
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
@@ -484,6 +484,6 @@ void* ggml_cuda_cpy_fn(const ggml_tensor * src0, ggml_tensor * src1) {
     } else {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: unsupported type combination (%s to %s)\n", __func__,
                 ggml_type_name(src0->type), ggml_type_name(src1->type));
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/dmmv.cu b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/dmmv.cu
index 174489e06..d7a2a2513 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/dmmv.cu
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/dmmv.cu
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ void ggml_cuda_op_dequantize_mul_mat_vec(
             convert_mul_mat_vec_f16_cuda(src0_dd_i, src1_dfloat, dst_dd_i, ne00, row_diff, stream);
             break;
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
     }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn-common.cuh b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn-common.cuh
index f24312dd0..950fd93df 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn-common.cuh
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn-common.cuh
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ static void on_no_fattn_vec_case(const int D) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Unsupported KV type combination for head_size 64.\n");
         fprintf(stderr, "By default only f16 KV cache is supported.\n");
         fprintf(stderr, "Compile with GGML_CUDA_FA_ALL_QUANTS for V cache quantization support.\n");
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     } else if (D == 128) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Unsupported KV type combination for head_size 128.\n");
         fprintf(stderr, "Supported combinations:\n");
@@ -572,11 +572,11 @@ static void on_no_fattn_vec_case(const int D) {
         fprintf(stderr, "  - K == q8_0, V == q8_0,  8.50 BPV\n");
         fprintf(stderr, "  - K == f16,  V == f16,  16.00 BPV\n");
         fprintf(stderr, "Compile with GGML_CUDA_FA_ALL_QUANTS for all combinations of q4_0, q4_1, q5_0, q5_1, q8_0, and f16.\n");
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     } else {
         fprintf(stderr, "Unsupported KV type combination for head_size 256.\n");
         fprintf(stderr, "Only f16 is supported.\n");
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn-tile-f16.cu b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn-tile-f16.cu
index c6c35134d..1b2fd500b 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn-tile-f16.cu
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn-tile-f16.cu
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ void launch_fattn_tile_f16_64_128(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor *
             launch_fattn<D, parallel_blocks>(ctx, dst, fattn_kernel, nwarps, cols_per_block, true, true);
         } break;
         default: {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false && "FlashAttention without tensor cores only supports head sizes 64 and 128.");
+            GGML_ABORT("FlashAttention without tensor cores only supports head sizes 64 and 128.");
         } break;
     }
 }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn-tile-f32.cu b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn-tile-f32.cu
index 15e22f495..f3e68dbfa 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn-tile-f32.cu
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn-tile-f32.cu
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ void launch_fattn_tile_f32_64_128(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor *
             launch_fattn<D, parallel_blocks>(ctx, dst, fattn_kernel, nwarps, cols_per_block, true, true);
         } break;
         default: {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false && "FlashAttention without tensor cores only supports head sizes 64 and 128.");
+            GGML_ABORT("FlashAttention without tensor cores only supports head sizes 64 and 128.");
         } break;
     }
 }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn.cu b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn.cu
index 38d30b210..29f608b0f 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn.cu
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/fattn.cu
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ static void ggml_cuda_flash_attn_ext_wmma_f16(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, g
                     ggml_cuda_flash_attn_ext_wmma_f16_case<256, cols_per_block, float>(ctx, dst);
                     break;
                 default:
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                     break;
             }
         } else {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ static void ggml_cuda_flash_attn_ext_wmma_f16(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, g
                 //     ggml_cuda_flash_attn_ext_wmma_f16_case<128, cols_per_block, float>(ctx, dst);
                 //     break;
                 default:
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                     break;
             }
         }
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ static void ggml_cuda_flash_attn_ext_wmma_f16(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, g
                 ggml_cuda_flash_attn_ext_wmma_f16_case<256, cols_per_block, half>(ctx, dst);
                 break;
             default:
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 break;
         }
         return;
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ static void ggml_cuda_flash_attn_ext_wmma_f16(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, g
                 ggml_cuda_flash_attn_ext_wmma_f16_case<256, cols_per_block, half>(ctx, dst);
                 break;
             default:
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 break;
         }
         return;
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ static void ggml_cuda_flash_attn_ext_wmma_f16(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, g
             ggml_cuda_flash_attn_ext_wmma_f16_case<256, cols_per_block, half>(ctx, dst);
             break;
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
     }
 }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/getrows.cu b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/getrows.cu
index 55af195fd..4c3703238 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/getrows.cu
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/getrows.cu
@@ -171,8 +171,7 @@ void ggml_cuda_op_get_rows(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst) {
             break;
         default:
             // TODO: k-quants
-            fprintf(stderr, "%s: unsupported type: %s\n", __func__, ggml_type_name(src0->type));
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("%s: unsupported type: %s\n", __func__, ggml_type_name(src0->type));
             break;
     }
 }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/mmq.cu b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/mmq.cu
index 84f6387e2..78d70cd7a 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/mmq.cu
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/mmq.cu
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ void ggml_cuda_op_mul_mat_q(
             mul_mat_q_case<GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL>(ctx, args, stream);
             break;
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
     }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/mmq.cuh b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/mmq.cuh
index f08a4758d..e8a957447 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/mmq.cuh
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/mmq.cuh
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ static mmq_q8_1_ds_layout mmq_get_q8_1_ds_layout(const ggml_type type_x) {
         case GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL:
             return MMQ_Q8_1_DS_LAYOUT_D4;
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
     }
 }
@@ -2898,7 +2898,7 @@ void mul_mat_q_case(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, const mmq_args & args, cuda
             break;
         default:
             fprintf(stderr, "mmq_x_best=%d\n", mmq_x_best);
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
     }
 }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/mmvq.cu b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/mmvq.cu
index e22faf69b..7dbbc9939 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/mmvq.cu
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/mmvq.cu
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ static void mul_mat_vec_q_cuda(
                 rows_per_cuda_block = 2;
                 break;
             default:
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 break;
         }
     }
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ static void mul_mat_vec_q_cuda(
             mul_mat_vec_q<type, 8><<<block_nums, block_dims, 0, stream>>>(vx, vy, dst, ncols_x, nrows_x, nrows_y, nrows_dst);
             break;
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
     }
 }
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ void ggml_cuda_op_mul_mat_vec_q(
             mul_mat_vec_iq3_s_q8_1_cuda(src0_dd_i, src1_ddq_i, dst_dd_i, ne00, row_diff, src1_padded_row_size, src1_ncols, nrows_dst, stream);
             break;
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
     }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/quantize.cu b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/quantize.cu
index aa7f1eff0..45408ce86 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/quantize.cu
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/quantize.cu
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ void quantize_mmq_q8_1_cuda(
                 <<<num_blocks, block_size, 0, stream>>>(x, vy, kx0, kx1, kx0_padded);
             break;
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
     }
 }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/rope.cu b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/rope.cu
index 596fb7c13..99ec1dd98 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/rope.cu
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cuda/rope.cu
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ void ggml_cuda_op_rope(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst) {
                 attn_factor, corr_dims, freq_factors, stream
             );
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     } else {
         if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ void ggml_cuda_op_rope(ggml_backend_cuda_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * dst) {
                 attn_factor, corr_dims, freq_factors, stream
             );
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-impl.h b/ggml/src/ggml-impl.h
index a2c8dbec0..7f7afdbfc 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-impl.h
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-impl.h
@@ -634,21 +634,121 @@ inline static float ggml_lookup_fp16_to_fp32(ggml_fp16_t f) {
 #define GGML_FP32_TO_FP16(x) GGML_COMPUTE_FP32_TO_FP16(x)
 #endif
 
-#define GGML_HASHTABLE_FULL ((size_t)-1)
-#define GGML_HASHTABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS ((size_t)-2)
+// bitset
+
+static_assert(sizeof(ggml_bitset_t) == 4, "bitset_t constants must be updated");
+#define BITSET_SHR 5 // log2(sizeof(ggml_bitset_t)*8)
+#define BITSET_MASK (sizeof(ggml_bitset_t)*8 - 1)
+
+static size_t ggml_bitset_size(size_t n) {
+    return (n + BITSET_MASK) >> BITSET_SHR;
+}
+
+static inline bool ggml_bitset_get(const ggml_bitset_t * bitset, size_t i) {
+    return !!(bitset[i >> BITSET_SHR] & (1u << (i & BITSET_MASK)));
+}
+
+static inline void ggml_bitset_set(ggml_bitset_t * bitset, size_t i) {
+    bitset[i >> BITSET_SHR] |= (1u << (i & BITSET_MASK));
+}
+
+static inline void ggml_bitset_clear(ggml_bitset_t * bitset, size_t i) {
+    bitset[i >> BITSET_SHR] &= ~(1u << (i & BITSET_MASK));
+}
+
+// hash set
+
+#define GGML_HASHSET_FULL ((size_t)-1)
+#define GGML_HASHSET_ALREADY_EXISTS ((size_t)-2)
 
 struct ggml_hash_set ggml_hash_set_new(size_t size);
+void                 ggml_hash_set_free(struct ggml_hash_set * hash_set);
 
-bool   ggml_hash_contains      (const struct ggml_hash_set hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key);
+// returns the minimum size for a hash set that can hold min_sz elements
+size_t ggml_hash_size(size_t min_sz);
 
-// returns GGML_HASHTABLE_FULL if table is full, otherwise the current index of the key or where it should be inserted
-size_t ggml_hash_find          (const struct ggml_hash_set hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key);
+// remove all elements from the hash set
+void ggml_hash_set_reset(struct ggml_hash_set * hash_set);
 
-// returns GGML_HASHTABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS if key already exists, index otherwise, asserts if table is full
-size_t ggml_hash_insert        (      struct ggml_hash_set hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key);
+// returns true if key is in the hash set
+static bool ggml_hash_contains(const struct ggml_hash_set * hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key);
+
+// returns GGML_HASHSET_FULL if table is full, otherwise the current index of the key or where it should be inserted
+static size_t ggml_hash_find(const struct ggml_hash_set * hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key);
+
+// returns GGML_HASHSET_ALREADY_EXISTS if key already exists, index otherwise, asserts if table is full
+static size_t ggml_hash_insert(struct ggml_hash_set * hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key);
 
 // return index, asserts if table is full
-size_t ggml_hash_find_or_insert(      struct ggml_hash_set hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key);
+static size_t ggml_hash_find_or_insert(struct ggml_hash_set * hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key);
+
+// hash function for ggml_tensor
+static inline size_t ggml_hash(const struct ggml_tensor * p) {
+    // the last 4 bits are always zero due to alignment
+    return (size_t)(uintptr_t)p >> 4;
+}
+
+static size_t ggml_hash_find(const struct ggml_hash_set * hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key) {
+    size_t h = ggml_hash(key) % hash_set->size;
+
+    // linear probing
+    size_t i = h;
+    while (ggml_bitset_get(hash_set->used, i) && hash_set->keys[i] != key) {
+        i = (i + 1) % hash_set->size;
+        if (i == h) {
+            // visited all hash table entries -> not found
+            return GGML_HASHSET_FULL;
+        }
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
+static bool ggml_hash_contains(const struct ggml_hash_set * hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key) {
+    size_t i = ggml_hash_find(hash_set, key);
+    return i != GGML_HASHSET_FULL && ggml_bitset_get(hash_set->used, i);
+}
+
+static size_t ggml_hash_insert(struct ggml_hash_set * hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key) {
+    size_t h = ggml_hash(key) % hash_set->size;
+
+    // linear probing
+    size_t i = h;
+    do {
+        if (!ggml_bitset_get(hash_set->used, i)) {
+            ggml_bitset_set(hash_set->used, i);
+            hash_set->keys[i] = key;
+            return i;
+        }
+        if (hash_set->keys[i] == key) {
+            return GGML_HASHSET_ALREADY_EXISTS;
+        }
+        i = (i + 1) % hash_set->size;
+    } while (i != h);
+
+    // visited all hash table entries -> not found
+    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+}
+
+static size_t ggml_hash_find_or_insert(struct ggml_hash_set * hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key) {
+    size_t h = ggml_hash(key) % hash_set->size;
+
+    // linear probing
+    size_t i = h;
+    do {
+        if (!ggml_bitset_get(hash_set->used, i)) {
+            ggml_bitset_set(hash_set->used, i);
+            hash_set->keys[i] = key;
+            return i;
+        }
+        if (hash_set->keys[i] == key) {
+            return i;
+        }
+        i = (i + 1) % hash_set->size;
+    } while (i != h);
+
+    // visited all hash table entries -> not found
+    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+}
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-kompute.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-kompute.cpp
index ed5f2e349..41ac63fa4 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-kompute.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-kompute.cpp
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ uint32_t safe_divide(uint32_t a, uint32_t b) {
     }
     if ((a % b) != 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "((%u %% %u) == %u) != 0\n", a, b, a % b);
-        GGML_ASSERT(!"safe_divide result would've had remainder");
+        GGML_ABORT("safe_divide result would've had remainder");
     }
     return a / b;
 }
@@ -1460,7 +1460,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_graph_compute(struct ggml_kompute_context * ctx, struct ggml
 
             if (!ggml_vk_supports_op(dst)) {
                  fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: unsupported op '%s'\n", __func__, ggml_op_desc(dst));
-                 GGML_ASSERT(!"unsupported op");
+                 GGML_ABORT("unsupported op");
             }
 
             const int32_t ne00 = src0 ? src0->ne[0] : 0;
@@ -1562,7 +1562,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_graph_compute(struct ggml_kompute_context * ctx, struct ggml
                             default:
                                 {
                                     fprintf(stderr, "%s: node %3d, op = %8s not implemented\n", __func__, i, ggml_op_name(dst->op));
-                                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                                 }
                         }
                     } break;
@@ -1745,7 +1745,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_graph_compute(struct ggml_kompute_context * ctx, struct ggml
             continue;
             not_implemented: {}
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: node %3d, op = %8s not implemented\n", __func__, i, ggml_op_name(dst->op));
-            //GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            //GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
 
         // Evaluate sequence
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-metal.m b/ggml/src/ggml-metal.m
index a7619bcca..48b813131 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-metal.m
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-metal.m
@@ -869,7 +869,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
         NSError * error = nil;
         if (![[MTLCaptureManager sharedCaptureManager] startCaptureWithDescriptor:descriptor error:&error]) {
             GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: unable to start capture '%s'\n", __func__, [[error localizedDescription] UTF8String]);
-            GGML_ASSERT(!"capture failed");
+            GGML_ABORT("capture failed");
         }
     }
 
@@ -931,7 +931,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
 
             if (!ggml_metal_supports_op(ctx, dst)) {
                 GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: unsupported op '%s'\n", __func__, ggml_op_desc(dst));
-                GGML_ASSERT(!"unsupported op");
+                GGML_ABORT("unsupported op");
             }
 
             if (should_capture) {
@@ -1068,7 +1068,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                 case GGML_OP_ADD: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_ADD_ROW].pipeline; break;
                                 case GGML_OP_MUL: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_MUL_ROW].pipeline; break;
                                 case GGML_OP_DIV: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_DIV_ROW].pipeline; break;
-                                default: GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                                default: GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                             }
 
                             bcast_row = true;
@@ -1077,7 +1077,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                 case GGML_OP_ADD: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_ADD].pipeline; break;
                                 case GGML_OP_MUL: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_MUL].pipeline; break;
                                 case GGML_OP_DIV: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_DIV].pipeline; break;
-                                default: GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                                default: GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                             }
                         }
 
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                             case GGML_TYPE_F16: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_REPEAT_F16].pipeline; break;
                             case GGML_TYPE_I32: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_REPEAT_I32].pipeline; break;
                             case GGML_TYPE_I16: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_REPEAT_I16].pipeline; break;
-                            default: GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                            default: GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                         }
 
                         [encoder setComputePipelineState:pipeline];
@@ -1387,7 +1387,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                         default:
                             {
                                 GGML_METAL_LOG_WARN("%s: node %3d, op = %8s not implemented\n", __func__, i, ggml_op_name(dst->op));
-                                GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                             }
                     } break;
                 case GGML_OP_SQR:
@@ -1609,7 +1609,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                 case GGML_TYPE_IQ1_M:   pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_MUL_MM_IQ1_M_F32  ].pipeline; break;
                                 case GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL:  pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_MUL_MM_IQ4_NL_F32 ].pipeline; break;
                                 case GGML_TYPE_IQ4_XS:  pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_MUL_MM_IQ4_XS_F32 ].pipeline; break;
-                                default: GGML_ASSERT(false && "MUL MAT-MAT not implemented");
+                                default: GGML_ABORT("MUL MAT-MAT not implemented");
                             }
 
                             [encoder setComputePipelineState:pipeline];
@@ -1782,7 +1782,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                 default:
                                     {
                                         GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("Asserting on type %d\n", (int)src0t);
-                                        GGML_ASSERT(false && "not implemented");
+                                        GGML_ABORT("not implemented");
                                     }
                             };
 
@@ -1911,7 +1911,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                 case GGML_TYPE_IQ1_M:   pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_MUL_MM_ID_IQ1_M_F32  ].pipeline; break;
                                 case GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL:  pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_MUL_MM_ID_IQ4_NL_F32 ].pipeline; break;
                                 case GGML_TYPE_IQ4_XS:  pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_MUL_MM_ID_IQ4_XS_F32 ].pipeline; break;
-                                default: GGML_ASSERT(false && "MUL_MAT_ID not implemented");
+                                default: GGML_ABORT("MUL_MAT_ID not implemented");
                             }
 
                             [encoder setComputePipelineState:pipeline];
@@ -2078,7 +2078,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                 default:
                                     {
                                         GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("Asserting on type %d\n", (int)src2t);
-                                        GGML_ASSERT(false && "not implemented");
+                                        GGML_ABORT("not implemented");
                                     }
                             };
 
@@ -2178,7 +2178,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                             case GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL:  pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GET_ROWS_IQ4_NL ].pipeline; break;
                             case GGML_TYPE_IQ4_XS:  pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GET_ROWS_IQ4_XS ].pipeline; break;
                             case GGML_TYPE_I32:     pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_GET_ROWS_I32    ].pipeline; break;
-                            default: GGML_ASSERT(false && "not implemented");
+                            default: GGML_ABORT("not implemented");
                         }
 
                         [encoder setComputePipelineState:pipeline];
@@ -2316,13 +2316,13 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                             switch (src0->type) {
                                 case GGML_TYPE_F32: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_ROPE_NORM_F32].pipeline; break;
                                 case GGML_TYPE_F16: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_ROPE_NORM_F16].pipeline; break;
-                                default: GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                                default: GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                             };
                         } else {
                             switch (src0->type) {
                                 case GGML_TYPE_F32: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_ROPE_NEOX_F32].pipeline; break;
                                 case GGML_TYPE_F16: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_ROPE_NEOX_F16].pipeline; break;
-                                default: GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                                default: GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                             };
                         }
 
@@ -2399,7 +2399,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                         switch (dst->type) {
                             case GGML_TYPE_F32: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_IM2COL_F32].pipeline; break;
                             case GGML_TYPE_F16: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_IM2COL_F16].pipeline; break;
-                            default: GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                            default: GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                         };
 
                         [encoder setComputePipelineState:pipeline];
@@ -2556,7 +2556,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                         switch (order) {
                             case GGML_SORT_ORDER_ASC:  pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_ARGSORT_F32_I32_ASC].pipeline;  break;
                             case GGML_SORT_ORDER_DESC: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_ARGSORT_F32_I32_DESC].pipeline; break;
-                            default: GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                            default: GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                         };
 
                         [encoder setComputePipelineState:pipeline];
@@ -2645,7 +2645,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                           {
                                               GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("unsupported size: %lld\n", ne00);
                                               GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("add template specialization for this size\n");
-                                              GGML_ASSERT(false && "add template specialization for this size");
+                                              GGML_ABORT("add template specialization for this size");
                                           }
                             }
                         } else {
@@ -2658,7 +2658,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                           {
                                               GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("unsupported size: %lld\n", ne00);
                                               GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("add template specialization for this size\n");
-                                              GGML_ASSERT(false && "add template specialization for this size");
+                                              GGML_ABORT("add template specialization for this size");
                                           }
                             }
                         }
@@ -2779,7 +2779,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                         case GGML_TYPE_Q5_0:   pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q5_0].pipeline; break;
                                         case GGML_TYPE_Q5_1:   pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q5_1].pipeline; break;
                                         case GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_IQ4_NL].pipeline; break;
-                                        default: GGML_ASSERT(false && "not implemented");
+                                        default: GGML_ABORT("not implemented");
                                     };
                                 } break;
                             case GGML_TYPE_F16:
@@ -2787,10 +2787,10 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                     switch (dstt) {
                                         case GGML_TYPE_F32:  pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F16_F32].pipeline; break;
                                         case GGML_TYPE_F16:  pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F16_F16].pipeline; break;
-                                        default: GGML_ASSERT(false && "not implemented");
+                                        default: GGML_ABORT("not implemented");
                                     };
                                 } break;
-                            default: GGML_ASSERT(false && "not implemented");
+                            default: GGML_ABORT("not implemented");
                         }
 
                         [encoder setComputePipelineState:pipeline];
@@ -2818,7 +2818,7 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                 default:
                     {
                         GGML_METAL_LOG_ERROR("%s: error: node %3d, op = %8s not implemented\n", __func__, i, ggml_op_name(dst->op));
-                        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                     }
             }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-quants.c b/ggml/src/ggml-quants.c
index 47418597c..1c6c85aac 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-quants.c
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-quants.c
@@ -12692,7 +12692,7 @@ static void quantize_row_iq2_xxs_impl(const float * restrict x, void * restrict
                     printf("Oops: found point %u not on grid:", u);
                     for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) printf(" %d", L[8*k+i]);
                     printf("\n");
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
                 q2[2*ib+0] |= ((uint32_t) grid_index << 8*k);
                 q2[2*ib+1] |= (block_signs[k] << 7*k);
@@ -12871,7 +12871,7 @@ static void quantize_row_iq2_xs_impl(const float * restrict x, void * restrict v
                     printf("Oops: found point %u not on grid:", u);
                     for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) printf(" %d", L[8*k+i]);
                     printf("\n");
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
                 q2[2*ib+k] = grid_index | (block_signs[k] << 9);
             }
@@ -13314,7 +13314,7 @@ static void quantize_row_iq3_xxs_impl(int grid_size, const float * restrict x, v
                     printf("Oops: found point %u not on grid:", u);
                     for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) printf(" %d", L[4*k+i]);
                     printf("\n");
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
                 if (grid_size == 256) {
                     q3[8*ib+k] = grid_index;
@@ -13527,7 +13527,7 @@ static void quantize_row_iq3_s_impl(int block_size, const float * restrict x, vo
                     printf("Oops: found point %u not on grid:", u);
                     for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) printf(" %d", L[4*k+i]);
                     printf("\n");
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
                 qs[k] = grid_index & 255;
                 qh[(ib*bs4+k)/8] |= ((grid_index >> 8) << ((ib*bs4+k)%8));
@@ -14503,7 +14503,7 @@ static void quantize_row_iq2_s_impl(const float * restrict x, void * restrict vy
                     printf("Oops: found point %u not on grid:", u);
                     for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) printf(" %d", L[8*k+i]);
                     printf("\n");
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
                 const int i8 = 2*ib + k;
                 y[ibl].qs[i8] = grid_index & 255;
@@ -14623,7 +14623,7 @@ bool ggml_validate_row_data(enum ggml_type type, const void * data, size_t nbyte
     }
 
     if (nbytes % ggml_type_size(type) != 0) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid size %zu for type %d\n", __func__, nbytes, type);
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid size %zu for type %s (type size = %zu)\n", __func__, nbytes, ggml_type_name(type), ggml_type_size(type));
         return false;
     }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-sycl.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-sycl.cpp
index 36518ff93..7cb07d0dc 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-sycl.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-sycl.cpp
@@ -1723,7 +1723,7 @@ static void argsort_f32_i32_sycl(const float *x, int *dst, const int ncols,
                 });
         });
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
@@ -2075,8 +2075,8 @@ static dpct::err0 ggml_sycl_cpy_tensor_2d(void *dst,
         // GGML_SYCL_DEBUG("current device index %d\n", id);
         src_ptr = (char *) extra->data_device[id];
     } else {
-        // GGML_SYCL_DEBUG("GGML_ASSERT(false)\n");
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        // GGML_SYCL_DEBUG("GGML_ABORT("fatal error")\n");
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
     char * dst_ptr = (char *) dst;
 
@@ -2163,7 +2163,7 @@ static void ggml_sycl_op_get_rows(ggml_backend_sycl_context & ctx, const ggml_te
         default:
             // TODO: k-quants
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: unsupported type: %s\n", __func__, ggml_type_name(src0->type));
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
     }
 }
@@ -2192,7 +2192,7 @@ inline void ggml_sycl_op_bin_bcast(ggml_backend_sycl_context & ctx, const ggml_t
     } else {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: unsupported types: dst: %s, src0: %s, src1: %s\n", __func__,
             ggml_type_name(dst->type), ggml_type_name(src0->type), ggml_type_name(src1->type));
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
@@ -2476,7 +2476,7 @@ static int64_t get_row_rounding(ggml_type type, const std::array<float, GGML_SYC
         case GGML_TYPE_Q6_K:
             return 64;
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
 }
@@ -3101,7 +3101,7 @@ static void ggml_sycl_op_mul_mat(ggml_backend_sycl_context & ctx, const ggml_ten
                     SYCL_CHECK(ggml_sycl_cpy_tensor_2d(
                                    src1_ddf_i, src1, i03, i02, src1_col_0, src1_col_0+src1_ncols, stream));
                 } else {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
 
                 if (convert_src1_to_q8_1 && !src1_is_contiguous) {
@@ -3896,7 +3896,7 @@ static void ggml_sycl_cpy(ggml_backend_sycl_context & ctx, const ggml_tensor *sr
     } else {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: unsupported type combination (%s to %s)\n", __func__,
                 ggml_type_name(src0->type), ggml_type_name(src1->type));
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     (void) dst;
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/common.hpp b/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/common.hpp
index 397bd98dd..86d8b40e8 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/common.hpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/common.hpp
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ static void crash() {
     const char* msg) {
   fprintf(stderr, "SYCL error: %s: %s\n", stmt, msg);
   fprintf(stderr, "  in function %s at %s:%d\n", func, file, line);
-  GGML_ASSERT(!"SYCL error");
+  GGML_ABORT("SYCL error");
 }
 
 #define SYCL_CHECK(err)                     \
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/dmmv.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/dmmv.cpp
index 70a94fc16..ae45630e1 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/dmmv.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/dmmv.cpp
@@ -1011,7 +1011,7 @@ void ggml_sycl_op_dequantize_mul_mat_vec(
             break;
         default:
             printf("ggml_sycl_op_dequantize_mul_mat_vec unsupported GGML_TYPE %d\n", src0->type);
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
     }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/dpct/helper.hpp b/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/dpct/helper.hpp
index 4aaa76bfb..ef4609e32 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/dpct/helper.hpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/dpct/helper.hpp
@@ -975,7 +975,7 @@ namespace dpct
             if (backend == "opencl:cpu") return 4;
             if (backend == "opencl:acc") return 5;
             printf("convert_backend_index: can't handle backend=%s\n", backend.c_str());
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
         static bool compare_backend(std::string &backend1, std::string &backend2) {
             return convert_backend_index(backend1) < convert_backend_index(backend2);
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/mmq.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/mmq.cpp
index 3107ba919..e952533d3 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/mmq.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/mmq.cpp
@@ -1799,7 +1799,7 @@ static void ggml_mul_mat_q4_0_q8_1_sycl(const void *vx, const void *vy,
         mmq_y  =  MMQ_Y_Q4_0_PASCAL;
         nwarps = NWARPS_Q4_0_PASCAL;
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     const int block_num_x = (nrows_x + mmq_y - 1) / mmq_y;
@@ -1914,7 +1914,7 @@ static void ggml_mul_mat_q4_1_q8_1_sycl(const void *vx, const void *vy,
         mmq_y  =  MMQ_Y_Q4_1_PASCAL;
         nwarps = NWARPS_Q4_1_PASCAL;
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     const int block_num_x = (nrows_x + mmq_y - 1) / mmq_y;
@@ -2029,7 +2029,7 @@ static void ggml_mul_mat_q5_0_q8_1_sycl(const void *vx, const void *vy,
         mmq_y  =  MMQ_Y_Q5_0_PASCAL;
         nwarps = NWARPS_Q5_0_PASCAL;
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     const int block_num_x = (nrows_x + mmq_y - 1) / mmq_y;
@@ -2144,7 +2144,7 @@ static void ggml_mul_mat_q5_1_q8_1_sycl(const void *vx, const void *vy,
         mmq_y  =  MMQ_Y_Q5_1_PASCAL;
         nwarps = NWARPS_Q5_1_PASCAL;
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     const int block_num_x = (nrows_x + mmq_y - 1) / mmq_y;
@@ -2259,7 +2259,7 @@ static void ggml_mul_mat_q8_0_q8_1_sycl(const void *vx, const void *vy,
         mmq_y  =  MMQ_Y_Q8_0_PASCAL;
         nwarps = NWARPS_Q8_0_PASCAL;
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     const int block_num_x = (nrows_x + mmq_y - 1) / mmq_y;
@@ -2374,7 +2374,7 @@ static void ggml_mul_mat_q2_K_q8_1_sycl(const void *vx, const void *vy,
         mmq_y  =  MMQ_Y_Q2_K_PASCAL;
         nwarps = NWARPS_Q2_K_PASCAL;
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     const int block_num_x = (nrows_x + mmq_y - 1) / mmq_y;
@@ -2497,7 +2497,7 @@ static void ggml_mul_mat_q3_K_q8_1_sycl(const void *vx, const void *vy,
         mmq_y  =  MMQ_Y_Q3_K_PASCAL;
         nwarps = NWARPS_Q3_K_PASCAL;
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     const int block_num_x = (nrows_x + mmq_y - 1) / mmq_y;
@@ -2625,7 +2625,7 @@ static void ggml_mul_mat_q4_K_q8_1_sycl(const void *vx, const void *vy,
         mmq_y  =  MMQ_Y_Q4_K_PASCAL;
         nwarps = NWARPS_Q4_K_PASCAL;
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     const int block_num_x = (nrows_x + mmq_y - 1) / mmq_y;
@@ -2746,7 +2746,7 @@ static void ggml_mul_mat_q5_K_q8_1_sycl(const void *vx, const void *vy,
         mmq_y  =  MMQ_Y_Q5_K_PASCAL;
         nwarps = NWARPS_Q5_K_PASCAL;
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     const int block_num_x = (nrows_x + mmq_y - 1) / mmq_y;
@@ -2867,7 +2867,7 @@ static void ggml_mul_mat_q6_K_q8_1_sycl(const void *vx, const void *vy,
         mmq_y  =  MMQ_Y_Q6_K_PASCAL;
         nwarps = NWARPS_Q6_K_PASCAL;
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     const int block_num_x = (nrows_x + mmq_y - 1) / mmq_y;
@@ -3016,7 +3016,7 @@ void ggml_sycl_op_mul_mat_q(
             ggml_mul_mat_q6_K_q8_1_sycl(src0_dd_i, src1_ddq_i, dst_dd_i, ne00, row_diff, src1_ncols, src1_padded_row_size, nrows_dst, stream);
             break;
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
     }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/mmvq.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/mmvq.cpp
index 3fbc4dd60..23232357e 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/mmvq.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/mmvq.cpp
@@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@ void ggml_sycl_op_mul_mat_vec_q(
             mul_mat_vec_iq4_xs_q8_1_sycl(src0_dd_i, src1_ddq_i_bs, dst_dd_i_bs, ne00, row_diff, stream);
             break;
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             break;
         }
     }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/rope.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/rope.cpp
index 6f507941a..c7545bcc1 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/rope.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-sycl/rope.cpp
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ void ggml_sycl_op_rope(
                 attn_factor, corr_dims, freq_factors, main_stream
             );
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     } else {
         if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ void ggml_sycl_op_rope(
                 attn_factor, corr_dims, freq_factors, main_stream
             );
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan.cpp
index 6bcd81a7b..74991f6d1 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan.cpp
@@ -1961,7 +1961,7 @@ void ggml_vk_instance_init() {
         // Make sure at least one device exists
         if (devices.empty()) {
             std::cerr << "ggml_vulkan: Error: No devices found." << std::endl;
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
 
         // Default to using all dedicated GPUs
@@ -2459,7 +2459,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_buffer_write_nc_async(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_cont
     // Buffer is already mapped
     if(dst->memory_property_flags & vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible) {
         std::cerr << "ggml_vulkan: buffer_write_nc_async dst buffer is host_visible. Use synchronous write." << std::endl;
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
     // Check if src is pinned memory
     vk_buffer buf;
@@ -2527,7 +2527,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_buffer_write_nc_async(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_cont
             staging = ctx->device->sync_staging;
             staging_offset = 0;
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     }
 
@@ -2563,7 +2563,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_buffer_write_2d_async(vk_context * subctx, vk_buffer& dst, s
     // Buffer is already mapped
     if(dst->memory_property_flags & vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible) {
         std::cerr << "ggml_vulkan: buffer_write_async dst buffer is host_visible. Use synchronous write." << std::endl;
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
     // Check if src is pinned memory
     vk_buffer buf = nullptr;
@@ -2602,7 +2602,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_buffer_write_2d_async(vk_context * subctx, vk_buffer& dst, s
             staging_buffer = dst->device->sync_staging;
             staging_offset = 0;
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     }
 
@@ -2704,7 +2704,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_buffer_read_2d_async(vk_context * subctx, vk_buffer& src, si
 
             staging_buffer = src->device->sync_staging;
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     }
 
@@ -2913,7 +2913,7 @@ static vk_pipeline ggml_vk_get_cpy_pipeline(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_
     }
 
     std::cerr << "Missing CPY op for types: " << ggml_type_name(from) << " " << ggml_type_name(to) << std::endl;
-    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
 }
 
 static void ggml_vk_cpy_to_contiguous(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context * subctx, vk_pipeline pipeline, const ggml_tensor * tensor, vk_subbuffer&& in, vk_subbuffer&& out) {
@@ -3499,7 +3499,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_mul_mat_id_q_f16(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context *
     const bool qy_needs_dequant = (src1->type != GGML_TYPE_F16 && !y_f32_kernel) || y_non_contig;
 
     if (mmp == nullptr) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     // Not implemented
@@ -4078,7 +4078,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_op_f32(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context * subctx, c
                 std::cerr << " and " << ggml_type_name(src1->type);
             }
             std::cerr << " to " << ggml_type_name(dst->type) << std::endl;
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
 
         op_func(ctx, subctx, src0, src1, dst);
@@ -4521,7 +4521,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_print_matrix_area(const void * data, ggml_type type, int ne0
                 } else if (type == GGML_TYPE_F16) {
                     val = ggml_fp16_to_fp32(*((const ggml_fp16_t *) data + i2*ne1*ne0 + idx1*ne0 + idx0));
                 } else {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
                 fprintf(stderr, "% 7.2f ", val);
             } else {
@@ -4555,7 +4555,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_test_matmul(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, size_t m, size_t
             p = ctx->device->pipeline_matmul_f16->a_s;
             shname = "F16_ALIGNED_S";
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     } else if (shader_size == 1) {
         if (std::is_same<float, X_TYPE>() && std::is_same<float, Y_TYPE>()) {
@@ -4571,7 +4571,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_test_matmul(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, size_t m, size_t
             p = ctx->device->pipeline_matmul_f16->a_m;
             shname = "F16_ALIGNED_M";
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     } else if (shader_size == 2) {
         if (std::is_same<float, X_TYPE>() && std::is_same<float, Y_TYPE>()) {
@@ -4587,7 +4587,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_test_matmul(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, size_t m, size_t
             p = ctx->device->pipeline_matmul_f16->a_l;
             shname = "F16_ALIGNED_L";
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     } else {
         GGML_ASSERT(0);
@@ -4668,7 +4668,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_test_matmul(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, size_t m, size_t
         } else if (std::is_same<ggml_fp16_t, X_TYPE>()) {
             x[i] = ggml_fp32_to_fp16((rand() / (float)RAND_MAX) * 2.0f - 1.0f);
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     }
     for (size_t i = 0; i < y_ne; i++) {
@@ -4679,7 +4679,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_test_matmul(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, size_t m, size_t
             // y[i] = ggml_fp32_to_fp16((rand() / (float)RAND_MAX) * 2.0f - 1.0f);
             y[i] = ggml_fp32_to_fp16((i % k == i / k) ? 1.0f : 0.0f);
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     }
 
@@ -4727,14 +4727,14 @@ static void ggml_vk_test_matmul(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, size_t m, size_t
     } else if (std::is_same<ggml_fp16_t, X_TYPE>()) {
         src0_type = GGML_TYPE_F16;
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
     if (std::is_same<float, Y_TYPE>()) {
         src1_type = GGML_TYPE_F32;
     } else if (std::is_same<ggml_fp16_t, Y_TYPE>()) {
         src1_type = GGML_TYPE_F16;
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     ggml_tensor * src0_ggml = ggml_new_tensor_3d(ggml_ctx, src0_type, k, m, batch);
@@ -4841,7 +4841,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_print_tensor_area(const ggml_tensor * tensor, int i0, int i1
                 } else if (tensor->type == GGML_TYPE_F16) {
                     val = ggml_fp16_to_fp32(*(ggml_fp16_t *) ((char *) tensor->data + i3*tensor->nb[3] + i2*tensor->nb[2] + idx1*tensor->nb[1] + idx0*tensor->nb[0]));
                 } else {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
                 fprintf(stderr, "% 7.2f ", val);
             } else {
@@ -5391,7 +5391,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_preallocate_buffers(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx) {
         std::cerr << std::endl;
     }
 
-    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
 #endif
 
     if (ctx->prealloc_x == nullptr || (ctx->prealloc_size_x > 0 && ctx->prealloc_x->size < ctx->prealloc_size_x)) {
@@ -5486,7 +5486,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_build_graph(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * nod
         break;
     default:
         std::cerr << "ggml_vulkan: Error: Missing op: " << ggml_op_name(node->op) << std::endl;
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         return;
     }
 
@@ -6498,7 +6498,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_print_tensor_area(const ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * d
                 } else if (tensor->type == GGML_TYPE_I32) {
                     val = *(const int32_t *) ((const char *) data + i3*tensor->nb[3] + i2*tensor->nb[2] + idx1*tensor->nb[1] + idx0*tensor->nb[0]);
                 } else {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
                 fprintf(stderr, "% 7.2f ", val);
             } else {
@@ -6620,7 +6620,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_check_results_0(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_tensor *
                 memcpy(src0_clone->nb, src0->nb, sizeof(size_t) * GGML_MAX_DIMS);
             }
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
 
         if (vk_output_tensor > 0 && vk_output_tensor == check_counter) {
@@ -6662,7 +6662,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_check_results_0(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_tensor *
                 memcpy(src1_clone->nb, src1->nb, sizeof(size_t) * GGML_MAX_DIMS);
             }
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
 
         if (vk_output_tensor > 0 && vk_output_tensor == check_counter) {
@@ -6720,7 +6720,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_check_results_0(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_tensor *
                 memcpy(src2_clone->nb, src2->nb, sizeof(size_t) * GGML_MAX_DIMS);
             }
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
 
         if (vk_output_tensor > 0 && vk_output_tensor == check_counter) {
@@ -6797,7 +6797,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_check_results_0(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_tensor *
             break;
         default:
             std::cerr << "Missing vk_check_results OP: " << ggml_op_name(tensor->op) << std::endl;
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     } else if (tensor->op == GGML_OP_CPY || tensor->op == GGML_OP_DUP) {
         if (src1 == nullptr) {
@@ -6825,7 +6825,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_check_results_0(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_tensor *
         tensor_clone = ggml_sum_rows(ggml_ctx, src0_clone);
     } else {
         std::cerr << "Missing vk_check_results OP: " << ggml_op_name(tensor->op) << std::endl;
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     ggml_cgraph * cgraph = ggml_new_graph(ggml_ctx);
@@ -6912,7 +6912,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_check_results_1(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_tensor *
                         }
                     } else {
                         std::cerr << "Missing debug code for type " << ggml_type_name(tensor->type) << std::endl;
-                        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                     }
 
                     if ((std::isnan(correct) != std::isnan(result)) || (std::isinf(correct) != std::isinf(result)) || !buffer_size_fit) {
@@ -6935,7 +6935,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_check_results_1(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_tensor *
                         std::cerr << std::endl;
                         std::vector<const ggml_tensor *> done;
                         ggml_vk_print_graph_origin(tensor, done);
-                        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                     }
                     if (first_error[0] == -1 && std::fabs(correct - result) > 0.1f) {
                         first_error[0] = i0;
@@ -7006,7 +7006,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_check_results_1(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_tensor *
         std::cerr << std::endl;
         std::vector<const ggml_tensor *> done;
         ggml_vk_print_graph_origin(tensor, done);
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     } else {
         std::cerr << check_counter << " " << tensor->name << " op=" << ggml_op_name(tensor->op) << " avg_err=" << avg_err << std::endl;
     }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml.c b/ggml/src/ggml.c
index 29afcc7f8..c196fd5bf 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml.c
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml.c
@@ -141,23 +141,25 @@ typedef pthread_t ggml_thread_t;
 
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 
-void ggml_print_backtrace(void) {
-    /*
-    #include <execinfo.h>
-    #include <dlfcn.h>
-
+#if defined(__linux__)
+#include <execinfo.h>
+static void ggml_print_backtrace_symbols(void) {
     void * trace[100];
-
     int nptrs = backtrace(trace, sizeof(trace)/sizeof(trace[0]));
-
     backtrace_symbols_fd(trace, nptrs, STDERR_FILENO);
-    */
+}
+#else
+static void ggml_print_backtrace_symbols(void) {
+    // platform not supported
+}
+#endif
 
-    // backtrack_symbols does not show line numbers, use gdb instead
+static void ggml_print_backtrace(void) {
     char attach[32];
     snprintf(attach, sizeof(attach), "attach %d", getpid());
     int pid = fork();
     if (pid == 0) {
+        // try gdb
         execlp("gdb", "gdb", "--batch",
             "-ex", "set style enabled on",
             "-ex", attach,
@@ -165,16 +167,46 @@ void ggml_print_backtrace(void) {
             "-ex", "detach",
             "-ex", "quit",
             (char *) NULL);
+        // try lldb
+        execlp("lldb", "lldb", "--batch",
+            "-o", "bt",
+            "-o", "quit",
+            "-p", attach,
+            (char *) NULL);
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     } else {
-        waitpid(pid, NULL, 0);
+        int wstatus;
+        waitpid(pid, &wstatus, 0);
+        if (WIFEXITED(wstatus)) {
+            if (WEXITSTATUS(wstatus) == EXIT_FAILURE) {
+                // gdb failed, fallback to backtrace_symbols
+                ggml_print_backtrace_symbols();
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 #else
-void ggml_print_backtrace(void) {
+static void ggml_print_backtrace(void) {
     // platform not supported
 }
 #endif
 
+void ggml_abort(const char * file, int line, const char * fmt, ...) {
+    fflush(stdout);
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: ", file, line);
+
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    vfprintf(stderr, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+
+    ggml_print_backtrace();
+    abort();
+}
+
 #define GGML_DEBUG 0
 #define GGML_GELU_FP16
 #define GGML_GELU_QUICK_FP16
@@ -246,7 +278,7 @@ inline static void * ggml_aligned_malloc(size_t size) {
                 break;
         }
         GGML_PRINT("%s: %s (attempted to allocate %6.2f MB)\n", __func__, error_desc, size/(1024.0*1024.0));
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         return NULL;
     }
     return aligned_memory;
@@ -267,7 +299,7 @@ inline static void * ggml_malloc(size_t size) {
     void * result = malloc(size);
     if (result == NULL) {
         GGML_PRINT("%s: failed to allocate %6.2f MB\n", __func__, size/(1024.0*1024.0));
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
     return result;
 }
@@ -281,7 +313,7 @@ inline static void * ggml_calloc(size_t num, size_t size) {
     void * result = calloc(num, size);
     if (result == NULL) {
         GGML_PRINT("%s: failed to allocate %6.2f MB\n", __func__, size/(1024.0*1024.0));
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
     return result;
 }
@@ -3372,7 +3404,7 @@ static inline int ggml_up(int n, int m) {
 }
 
 // assert that pointer is aligned to GGML_MEM_ALIGN
-#define ggml_assert_aligned(ptr) \
+#define GGML_ASSERT_ALIGNED(ptr) \
     GGML_ASSERT(((uintptr_t) (ptr))%GGML_MEM_ALIGN == 0)
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -3473,7 +3505,7 @@ struct ggml_context * ggml_init(struct ggml_init_params params) {
 
     GGML_ASSERT(ctx->mem_buffer != NULL);
 
-    ggml_assert_aligned(ctx->mem_buffer);
+    GGML_ASSERT_ALIGNED(ctx->mem_buffer);
 
     GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("%s: context initialized\n", __func__);
 
@@ -3605,7 +3637,7 @@ static struct ggml_object * ggml_new_object(struct ggml_context * ctx, enum ggml
         .type = type,
     };
 
-    ggml_assert_aligned(mem_buffer + obj_new->offs);
+    GGML_ASSERT_ALIGNED(mem_buffer + obj_new->offs);
 
     if (obj_cur != NULL) {
         obj_cur->next = obj_new;
@@ -3706,7 +3738,7 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_new_tensor_impl(
 #endif
 
     // TODO: this should not be needed as long as we don't rely on aligned SIMD loads
-    //ggml_assert_aligned(result->data);
+    //GGML_ASSERT_ALIGNED(result->data);
 
     for (int i = 0; i < n_dims; i++) {
         result->ne[i] = ne[i];
@@ -3879,8 +3911,8 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_set_i32 (struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int32_t value) {
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 
     return tensor;
@@ -3938,8 +3970,8 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_set_f32(struct ggml_tensor * tensor, float value) {
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 
     return tensor;
@@ -4008,11 +4040,9 @@ int32_t ggml_get_i32_1d(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i) {
             }
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             }
     }
-
-    return 0.0f;
 }
 
 void ggml_set_i32_1d(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i, int32_t value) {
@@ -4055,8 +4085,8 @@ void ggml_set_i32_1d(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i, int32_t value) {
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -4076,10 +4106,8 @@ int32_t ggml_get_i32_nd(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i0, int i1, int i
         case GGML_TYPE_F32:
             return ((float *) data)[0];
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
-
-    return 0.0f;
 }
 
 void ggml_set_i32_nd(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3, int32_t value) {
@@ -4111,8 +4139,8 @@ void ggml_set_i32_nd(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i0, int i1, int i2,
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -4149,11 +4177,9 @@ float ggml_get_f32_1d(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i) {
             }
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             }
     }
-
-    return 0.0f;
 }
 
 void ggml_set_f32_1d(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i, float value) {
@@ -4190,8 +4216,8 @@ void ggml_set_f32_1d(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i, float value) {
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -4211,10 +4237,8 @@ float ggml_get_f32_nd(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i0, int i1, int i2,
         case GGML_TYPE_F32:
             return ((float *) data)[0];
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
-
-    return 0.0f;
 }
 
 void ggml_set_f32_nd(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3, float value) {
@@ -4246,8 +4270,8 @@ void ggml_set_f32_nd(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i0, int i1, int i2,
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -4270,8 +4294,11 @@ const char * ggml_get_name(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor) {
 }
 
 struct ggml_tensor * ggml_set_name(struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const char * name) {
-    strncpy(tensor->name, name, sizeof(tensor->name) - 1);
-    tensor->name[sizeof(tensor->name) - 1] = '\0';
+    size_t i;
+    for (i = 0; i < sizeof(tensor->name) - 1 && name[i] != '\0'; i++) {
+        tensor->name[i] = name[i];
+    }
+    tensor->name[i] = '\0';
     return tensor;
 }
 
@@ -4842,7 +4869,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_mean(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (a->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -4865,7 +4892,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_argmax(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (a->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -5188,7 +5215,7 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_norm_impl(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (!inplace && (a->grad)) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement backward
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement backward
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -5291,7 +5318,7 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_group_norm_impl(
 
     bool is_node = false;
     if (!inplace && (a->grad)) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement backward
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement backward
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -5705,7 +5732,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_reshape(
 
     if (b->grad) {
         // gradient propagation is not supported
-        //GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        //GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     struct ggml_tensor * result = ggml_new_tensor_impl(ctx, a->type, GGML_MAX_DIMS, b->ne, a, 0);
@@ -6488,7 +6515,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_clamp(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (a->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement backward
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement backward
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -6564,7 +6591,7 @@ GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_transpose_1d(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (a->grad || b->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement backward
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement backward
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -6636,7 +6663,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_im2col(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (a->grad || b->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement backward
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement backward
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -6722,7 +6749,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_transpose_2d_p0(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (a->grad || b->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement backward
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement backward
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -6763,7 +6790,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_pool_1d(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (a->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement backward
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement backward
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -6801,7 +6828,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_pool_2d(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (a->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement backward
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement backward
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -6834,7 +6861,7 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_upscale_impl(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (a->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement backward
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement backward
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -6884,7 +6911,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_pad(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (a->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement backward
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement backward
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -6933,7 +6960,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_timestep_embedding(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (timesteps->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement backward
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement backward
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -7059,7 +7086,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_flash_attn_back(
         struct ggml_tensor  * v,
         struct ggml_tensor  * d,
         bool                  masked) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(false && "TODO: adapt to ggml_flash_attn_ext() changes");
+    GGML_ABORT("TODO: adapt to ggml_flash_attn_ext() changes");
 
     GGML_ASSERT(ggml_can_mul_mat(k, q));
     // TODO: check if vT can be multiplied by (k*qT)
@@ -7158,7 +7185,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_ssm_conv(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (s->grad || x->grad || c->grad || sq->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -7212,7 +7239,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_ssm_scan(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (s->grad || x->grad || dt->grad || A->grad || B->grad || C->grad || sq->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -7244,7 +7271,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_win_part(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (a->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement backward
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement backward
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -7282,7 +7309,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_win_unpart(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (a->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement backward
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement backward
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -7312,7 +7339,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_get_rel_pos(
     bool is_node = false;
 
     if (a->grad) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement backward
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement backward
         is_node = true;
     }
 
@@ -8002,7 +8029,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_dup_f16(
                     }
                 }
             } else {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement
             }
         } else {
             //printf("%s: this is not optimal - fix me\n", __func__);
@@ -8044,7 +8071,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_dup_f16(
                     }
                 }
             } else {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement
             }
         }
         return;
@@ -8161,7 +8188,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_dup_f16(
             }
         }
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement
     }
 }
 
@@ -8288,7 +8315,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_dup_bf16(
                     }
                 }
             } else {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement
             }
         } else {
             //printf("%s: this is not optimal - fix me\n", __func__);
@@ -8348,7 +8375,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_dup_bf16(
                     }
                 }
             } else {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement
             }
         }
         return;
@@ -8517,7 +8544,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_dup_bf16(
             }
         }
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement
     }
 }
 
@@ -8603,7 +8630,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_dup_f32(
                     }
                 }
             } else {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement
             }
         } else {
             //printf("%s: this is not optimal - fix me\n", __func__);
@@ -8663,7 +8690,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_dup_f32(
                     }
                 }
             } else {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement
             }
         }
 
@@ -8834,7 +8861,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_dup_f32(
             }
         }
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement
     }
 }
 
@@ -9012,8 +9039,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_dup(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -9165,7 +9192,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_add_f16_f32(
     }
     else {
         // src1 is not contiguous
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
@@ -9240,7 +9267,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_add_bf16_f32(
     }
     else {
         // src1 is not contiguous
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
@@ -9292,7 +9319,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_add_f16_f16(
     }
     else {
         // src1 is not contiguous
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
@@ -9344,7 +9371,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_add_bf16_bf16(
     }
     else {
         // src1 is not contiguous
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
@@ -9438,7 +9465,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_add(
                     ggml_compute_forward_add_f32(params, dst);
                 }
                 else {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
             } break;
         case GGML_TYPE_F16:
@@ -9450,7 +9477,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_add(
                     ggml_compute_forward_add_f16_f32(params, dst);
                 }
                 else {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
             } break;
         case GGML_TYPE_BF16:
@@ -9462,7 +9489,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_add(
                     ggml_compute_forward_add_bf16_f32(params, dst);
                 }
                 else {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
             } break;
         case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
@@ -9492,8 +9519,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_add(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -9827,7 +9854,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_add1(
                     ggml_compute_forward_add1_f16_f32(params, dst);
                 }
                 else {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
             } break;
         case GGML_TYPE_BF16:
@@ -9839,7 +9866,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_add1(
                     ggml_compute_forward_add1_bf16_f32(params, dst);
                 }
                 else {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
             } break;
         case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
@@ -9870,8 +9897,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_add1(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -9995,8 +10022,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_acc(
         case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0_8_8:
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -10076,8 +10103,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_sub(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -10170,8 +10197,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_mul(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -10261,8 +10288,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_div(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -10306,8 +10333,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_sqr(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -10351,8 +10378,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_sqrt(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -10396,8 +10423,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_log(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -10525,8 +10552,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_sum(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -10578,8 +10605,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_sum_rows(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -10635,8 +10662,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_mean(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -10683,8 +10710,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_argmax(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -10801,8 +10828,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_repeat(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -10879,8 +10906,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_repeat_back(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -10948,8 +10975,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_concat(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -10992,8 +11019,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_abs(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11036,8 +11063,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_sgn(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11080,8 +11107,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_neg(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11124,8 +11151,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_step(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11168,8 +11195,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_tanh(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11212,8 +11239,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_elu(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11256,8 +11283,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_relu(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11300,8 +11327,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_sigmoid(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11359,8 +11386,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_gelu(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11418,8 +11445,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_gelu_quick(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11477,8 +11504,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_silu(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 // ggml_compute_forward_leaky_relu
@@ -11526,8 +11553,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_leaky_relu(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11589,8 +11616,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_silu_back(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11631,8 +11658,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_hardswish(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11673,8 +11700,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_hardsigmoid(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11745,8 +11772,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_norm(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11813,8 +11840,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_rms_norm(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -11986,8 +12013,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_rms_norm_back(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -12080,8 +12107,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_group_norm(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -12839,17 +12866,17 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_out_prod(
             } break;
         case GGML_TYPE_F16:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // todo
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // todo
                 // ggml_compute_forward_out_prod_f16_f32(params, dst);
-            } break;
+            }
         case GGML_TYPE_F32:
             {
                 ggml_compute_forward_out_prod_f32(params, dst);
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -12908,8 +12935,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_scale(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -13024,8 +13051,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_set(
         case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0_8_8:
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -13302,8 +13329,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_get_rows(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 
     //static bool first = true;
@@ -13410,8 +13437,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 
     //static bool first = true;
@@ -13488,8 +13515,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_diag(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -13558,8 +13585,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_inf(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -13576,8 +13603,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_zero(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -13694,8 +13721,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_soft_max(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -13790,8 +13817,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -13881,8 +13908,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_clamp(
         case GGML_TYPE_F64:
         case GGML_TYPE_COUNT:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -14211,8 +14238,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_rope(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -14235,8 +14262,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_rope_back(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -14435,8 +14462,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_conv_transpose_1d(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -14607,8 +14634,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_im2col(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -14740,20 +14767,20 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_pool_1d_sk_p0(
             switch (op) {
                 case GGML_OP_POOL_AVG:   drow[i] = 0;        break;
                 case GGML_OP_POOL_MAX:   drow[i] = -FLT_MAX; break;
-                case GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT: GGML_ASSERT(false); break;
+                case GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT: GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             }
             for (int ki = 0; ki < k; ++ki) {
                 switch (op) {
                     case GGML_OP_POOL_AVG:                          drow[i] += srow[j]; break;
                     case GGML_OP_POOL_MAX:   if (srow[j] > drow[i]) drow[i]  = srow[j]; break;
-                    case GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT:                        GGML_ASSERT(false); break;
+                    case GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT:                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
                 ++j;
             }
             switch (op) {
                 case GGML_OP_POOL_AVG:         drow[i] /= k; break;
                 case GGML_OP_POOL_MAX:                       break;
-                case GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT: GGML_ASSERT(false); break;
+                case GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT: GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             }
         }
 
@@ -14822,7 +14849,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_pool_2d(
                 switch (op) {
                     case GGML_OP_POOL_AVG:     *out = 0;        break;
                     case GGML_OP_POOL_MAX:     *out = -FLT_MAX; break;
-                    case GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT: GGML_ASSERT(false); break;
+                    case GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT: GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
 
                 const int ix = offset0 + ox * s0;
@@ -14837,14 +14864,14 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_pool_2d(
                         switch (op) {
                             case GGML_OP_POOL_AVG:                     *out += srow[j]; break;
                             case GGML_OP_POOL_MAX: if (srow[j] > *out) *out  = srow[j]; break;
-                            case GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT:                GGML_ASSERT(false); break;
+                            case GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT:                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                         }
                     }
                 }
                 switch (op) {
                     case GGML_OP_POOL_AVG:           *out /= ka; break;
                     case GGML_OP_POOL_MAX:                       break;
-                    case GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT: GGML_ASSERT(false); break;
+                    case GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT: GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -14908,8 +14935,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_upscale(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -14966,8 +14993,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_pad(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -15007,8 +15034,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_arange(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -15058,8 +15085,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_timestep_embedding(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -15117,8 +15144,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_argsort(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -15340,8 +15367,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_ext(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -15676,8 +15703,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -15798,8 +15825,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_ssm_conv(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -15919,8 +15946,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_ssm_scan(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -15982,8 +16009,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_win_part(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -16043,8 +16070,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_win_unpart(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -16111,8 +16138,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_unary(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -16158,8 +16185,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_get_rel_pos(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -16239,8 +16266,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_add_rel_pos(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -16285,8 +16312,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_map_unary(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -16334,8 +16361,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_map_binary(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -16533,8 +16560,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_cross_entropy_loss(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -16620,8 +16647,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward_cross_entropy_loss_back(
             } break;
         default:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
@@ -16956,14 +16983,32 @@ static void ggml_compute_forward(struct ggml_compute_params * params, struct ggm
             } break;
         case GGML_OP_COUNT:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 }
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
-static size_t ggml_hash_size(size_t min_sz) {
+struct ggml_hash_set ggml_hash_set_new(size_t size) {
+    size = ggml_hash_size(size);
+    struct ggml_hash_set result;
+    result.size = size;
+    result.keys = GGML_MALLOC(sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *) * size);
+    result.used = GGML_CALLOC(ggml_bitset_size(size), sizeof(ggml_bitset_t));
+    return result;
+}
+
+void ggml_hash_set_reset(struct ggml_hash_set * hash_set) {
+    memset(hash_set->used, 0, sizeof(ggml_bitset_t) * ggml_bitset_size(hash_set->size));
+}
+
+void ggml_hash_set_free(struct ggml_hash_set * hash_set) {
+    GGML_FREE(hash_set->used);
+    GGML_FREE(hash_set->keys);
+}
+
+size_t ggml_hash_size(size_t min_sz) {
     // next primes after powers of two
     static const size_t primes[] = {
         2, 3, 5, 11, 17, 37, 67, 131, 257, 521, 1031,
@@ -16974,7 +17019,7 @@ static size_t ggml_hash_size(size_t min_sz) {
     };
     static const size_t n_primes = sizeof(primes)/sizeof(primes[0]);
 
-    // find the smallest prime that is larger or equal to min_sz
+    // find the smallest prime that is larger or equal than min_sz
     size_t l = 0;
     size_t r = n_primes;
     while (l < r) {
@@ -16989,67 +17034,6 @@ static size_t ggml_hash_size(size_t min_sz) {
     return sz;
 }
 
-static size_t ggml_hash(const void * p) {
-    return (size_t)p;
-}
-
-size_t ggml_hash_find(const struct ggml_hash_set hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key) {
-    size_t h = ggml_hash(key) % hash_set.size;
-
-    // linear probing
-    size_t i = h;
-    while (hash_set.keys[i] != NULL && hash_set.keys[i] != key) {
-        i = (i + 1) % hash_set.size;
-        if (i == h) {
-            // visited all hash table entries -> not found
-            return GGML_HASHTABLE_FULL;
-        }
-    }
-    return i;
-}
-
-bool ggml_hash_contains(struct ggml_hash_set hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key) {
-    size_t i = ggml_hash_find(hash_set, key);
-    return i != GGML_HASHTABLE_FULL && hash_set.keys[i] == key;
-}
-
-size_t ggml_hash_insert(struct ggml_hash_set hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key) {
-    size_t i = ggml_hash_find(hash_set, key);
-
-    GGML_ASSERT(i != GGML_HASHTABLE_FULL);
-
-    if (hash_set.keys[i] == key) {
-        return GGML_HASHTABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS;
-    }
-
-    // insert
-    GGML_ASSERT(hash_set.keys[i] == NULL);
-    hash_set.keys[i] = key;
-    return i;
-}
-
-size_t ggml_hash_find_or_insert(struct ggml_hash_set hash_set, struct ggml_tensor * key) {
-    size_t i = ggml_hash_find(hash_set, key);
-
-    GGML_ASSERT(i != GGML_HASHTABLE_FULL);
-
-    hash_set.keys[i] = key;
-    return i;
-}
-
-struct ggml_hash_set ggml_hash_set_new(size_t size) {
-    size = ggml_hash_size(size);
-    struct ggml_hash_set result;
-    result.size = size;
-    result.keys = GGML_MALLOC(sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *) * size);
-    memset(result.keys, 0, sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *) * size);
-    return result;
-}
-
-static void ggml_hash_set_free(struct ggml_hash_set hash_set) {
-    GGML_FREE(hash_set.keys);
-}
-
 struct hash_map {
     struct ggml_hash_set set;
     struct ggml_tensor ** vals;
@@ -17058,13 +17042,12 @@ struct hash_map {
 static struct hash_map * ggml_new_hash_map(size_t size) {
     struct hash_map * result = GGML_MALLOC(sizeof(struct hash_map));
     result->set = ggml_hash_set_new(size);
-    result->vals = GGML_MALLOC(sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *) * result->set.size);
-    memset(result->vals, 0, sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *) * result->set.size);
+    result->vals = GGML_CALLOC(result->set.size, sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
     return result;
 }
 
 static void ggml_hash_map_free(struct hash_map * map) {
-    ggml_hash_set_free(map->set);
+    ggml_hash_set_free(&map->set);
     GGML_FREE(map->vals);
     GGML_FREE(map);
 }
@@ -17085,7 +17068,7 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_recompute_graph_node(
         return node;
     }
 
-    if (!ggml_hash_contains(graph->visited_hash_table, node)) {
+    if (!ggml_hash_contains(&graph->visited_hash_set, node)) {
         return node;
     }
 
@@ -17100,8 +17083,8 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_recompute_graph_node(
         return node;
     }
 
-    size_t i = ggml_hash_find(replacements->set, node);
-    GGML_ASSERT(i != GGML_HASHTABLE_FULL); // assert that not full
+    size_t i = ggml_hash_find(&replacements->set, node);
+    GGML_ASSERT(i != GGML_HASHSET_FULL); // assert that not full
     if (replacements->set.keys[i] == node) {
         return replacements->vals[i];
     }
@@ -17159,8 +17142,8 @@ void ggml_build_backward_gradient_checkpointing(
 
     // insert checkpoints in replacements
     for (int i = 0; i < n_checkpoints; ++i) {
-        size_t k = ggml_hash_find(replacements->set, checkpoints[i]);
-        GGML_ASSERT(k != GGML_HASHTABLE_FULL); // assert that not full
+        size_t k = ggml_hash_find(&replacements->set, checkpoints[i]);
+        GGML_ASSERT(k != GGML_HASHSET_FULL); // assert that not full
         GGML_ASSERT(replacements->set.keys[k] == NULL); // assert that we don't overwrite
         replacements->set.keys[k] = checkpoints[i];
         replacements->vals[k]     = checkpoints[i];
@@ -17188,7 +17171,7 @@ void ggml_build_backward_gradient_checkpointing(
 
 // functions to change gradients considering the case that input a might be initial gradient with zero value
 
-static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_add_or_set(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor * a, struct ggml_tensor * b, struct ggml_hash_set zero_table) {
+static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_add_or_set(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor * a, struct ggml_tensor * b, struct ggml_hash_set * zero_table) {
     if (ggml_hash_contains(zero_table, a)) {
         return b;
     } else {
@@ -17196,7 +17179,7 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_add_or_set(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct gg
     }
 }
 
-static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_acc_or_set(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor * a, struct ggml_tensor * b, size_t nb1, size_t nb2, size_t nb3, size_t offset, struct ggml_hash_set zero_table) {
+static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_acc_or_set(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor * a, struct ggml_tensor * b, size_t nb1, size_t nb2, size_t nb3, size_t offset, struct ggml_hash_set * zero_table) {
     if (ggml_hash_contains(zero_table, a)) {
         struct ggml_tensor * a_zero = ggml_scale(ctx, a, 0.0f);
         return ggml_acc_impl(ctx, a_zero, b, nb1, nb2, nb3, offset, false);
@@ -17205,7 +17188,7 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_acc_or_set(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct gg
     }
 }
 
-static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_add1_or_set(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor * a, struct ggml_tensor * b, struct ggml_hash_set zero_table) {
+static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_add1_or_set(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor * a, struct ggml_tensor * b, struct ggml_hash_set * zero_table) {
     if (ggml_hash_contains(zero_table, a)) {
         return ggml_repeat(ctx, b, a);
     } else {
@@ -17213,7 +17196,7 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_add1_or_set(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct g
     }
 }
 
-static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_sub_or_set(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor * a, struct ggml_tensor * b, struct ggml_hash_set zero_table) {
+static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_sub_or_set(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor * a, struct ggml_tensor * b, struct ggml_hash_set * zero_table) {
     if (ggml_hash_contains(zero_table, a)) {
         return ggml_neg(ctx, b);
     } else {
@@ -17221,7 +17204,7 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_sub_or_set(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct gg
     }
 }
 
-static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor * tensor, struct ggml_hash_set zero_table) {
+static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor * tensor, struct ggml_hash_set * zero_table) {
     struct ggml_tensor * src0 = tensor->src[0];
     struct ggml_tensor * src1 = tensor->src[1];
     struct ggml_tensor * src2 = tensor->src[2];
@@ -17390,8 +17373,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor
         case GGML_OP_MEAN:
         case GGML_OP_ARGMAX:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement
+            }
         case GGML_OP_REPEAT:
             {
                 // necessary for llama
@@ -17414,16 +17397,16 @@ static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor
             } break;
         case GGML_OP_CONCAT:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: implement
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: implement
+            }
         case GGML_OP_SILU_BACK:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_NORM:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_RMS_NORM:
             {
                 // necessary for llama
@@ -17439,12 +17422,12 @@ static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor
             } break;
         case GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_GROUP_NORM:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_MUL_MAT:
             {
                 // https://cs231n.github.io/optimization-2/#staged
@@ -17505,12 +17488,12 @@ static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor
             } break;
         case GGML_OP_MUL_MAT_ID:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_OUT_PROD:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_SCALE:
             {
                 // necessary for llama
@@ -17686,12 +17669,12 @@ static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor
             } break;
         case GGML_OP_GET_ROWS_BACK:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_DIAG:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF:
             {
                 // necessary for llama
@@ -17729,8 +17712,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor
             } break;
         case GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX_BACK:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_ROPE:
             {
                 // necessary for llama
@@ -17805,52 +17788,52 @@ static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor
             } break;
         case GGML_OP_CLAMP:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_CONV_TRANSPOSE_1D:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_IM2COL:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_CONV_TRANSPOSE_2D:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_POOL_1D:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_POOL_2D:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_UPSCALE:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_PAD:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_ARANGE:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_TIMESTEP_EMBEDDING:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_ARGSORT:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_LEAKY_RELU:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_FLASH_ATTN_EXT:
             {
                 struct ggml_tensor * flash_grad = NULL;
@@ -17906,13 +17889,13 @@ static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor
             } break;
         case GGML_OP_FLASH_ATTN_BACK:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // not supported
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // not supported
+            }
         case GGML_OP_SSM_CONV:
         case GGML_OP_SSM_SCAN:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+            }
         case GGML_OP_WIN_PART:
         case GGML_OP_WIN_UNPART:
         case GGML_OP_UNARY:
@@ -17950,12 +17933,12 @@ static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor
                         } break;
                     case GGML_UNARY_OP_TANH:
                         {
-                            GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-                        } break;
+                            GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+                        }
                     case GGML_UNARY_OP_ELU:
                         {
-                            GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-                        } break;
+                            GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+                        }
                     case GGML_UNARY_OP_RELU:
                         {
                             if (src0->grad) {
@@ -17969,16 +17952,16 @@ static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor
                         } break;
                     case GGML_UNARY_OP_SIGMOID:
                         {
-                            GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-                        } break;
+                            GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+                        }
                     case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU:
                         {
-                            GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-                        } break;
+                            GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+                        }
                     case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_QUICK:
                         {
-                            GGML_ASSERT(false); // TODO: not implemented
-                        } break;
+                            GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // TODO: not implemented
+                        }
                     case GGML_UNARY_OP_SILU:
                         {
                             // necessary for llama
@@ -17990,7 +17973,7 @@ static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor
                             }
                         } break;
                     default:
-                        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
             } break;
         case GGML_OP_GET_REL_POS:
@@ -18004,8 +17987,8 @@ static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor
         case GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM2:
         case GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM3:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // not supported
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // not supported
+            }
         case GGML_OP_CROSS_ENTROPY_LOSS:
             {
                 if (src0->grad) {
@@ -18020,16 +18003,16 @@ static void ggml_compute_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor
             } break;
         case GGML_OP_CROSS_ENTROPY_LOSS_BACK:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false); // not supported
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // not supported
+            }
         case GGML_OP_NONE:
             {
                 // nop
             } break;
         case GGML_OP_COUNT:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 
     for (int i = 0; i < GGML_MAX_SRC; ++i) {
@@ -18049,7 +18032,7 @@ static void ggml_visit_parents(struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, struct ggml_tensor *
     }
 
     // check if already visited
-    if (ggml_hash_insert(cgraph->visited_hash_table, node) == GGML_HASHTABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
+    if (ggml_hash_insert(&cgraph->visited_hash_set, node) == GGML_HASHSET_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -18131,7 +18114,7 @@ void ggml_build_backward_expand(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_cgraph *
     struct ggml_hash_set zero_table = ggml_hash_set_new(gf->size);
     for (int i = 0; i < gf->n_nodes; i++) {
         if (gf->grads[i]) {
-            ggml_hash_insert(zero_table, gf->grads[i]);
+            ggml_hash_insert(&zero_table, gf->grads[i]);
         }
     }
 
@@ -18141,7 +18124,7 @@ void ggml_build_backward_expand(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_cgraph *
         // inplace operations to add gradients are not created by ggml_compute_backward
         // use allocator to automatically make inplace operations
         if (node->grad) {
-            ggml_compute_backward(ctx, node, zero_table);
+            ggml_compute_backward(ctx, node, &zero_table);
         }
     }
 
@@ -18154,16 +18137,29 @@ void ggml_build_backward_expand(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_cgraph *
         }
     }
 
-    ggml_hash_set_free(zero_table);
+    ggml_hash_set_free(&zero_table);
+}
+
+static void * incr_ptr_aligned(void ** p, size_t size, size_t align) {
+    void * ptr = *p;
+    ptr = (void *) GGML_PAD((uintptr_t) ptr, align);
+    *p = (void *) ((char *) ptr + size);
+    return ptr;
 }
 
 static size_t ggml_graph_nbytes(size_t size, bool grads) {
-    size_t nbytes = sizeof(struct ggml_cgraph);
-    nbytes += size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *) * 2; // leafs + nodes
+    size_t hash_size = ggml_hash_size(size * 2);
+    void * p = 0;
+    incr_ptr_aligned(&p, sizeof(struct ggml_cgraph), 1);
+    incr_ptr_aligned(&p, size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *), sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *)); // nodes
+    incr_ptr_aligned(&p, size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *), sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *)); // leafs
+    incr_ptr_aligned(&p, hash_size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *), sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *)); // hash keys
     if (grads) {
-        nbytes += size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *); // grads
+        incr_ptr_aligned(&p, size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *), sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *)); // grads
     }
-    nbytes += ggml_hash_size(size * 2) * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *); // hash set
+    incr_ptr_aligned(&p, ggml_bitset_size(hash_size) * sizeof(ggml_bitset_t), sizeof(ggml_bitset_t));
+
+    size_t nbytes = (size_t) p;
     return nbytes;
 }
 
@@ -18180,19 +18176,19 @@ struct ggml_cgraph * ggml_new_graph_custom(struct ggml_context * ctx, size_t siz
     struct ggml_object * obj = ggml_new_object(ctx, GGML_OBJECT_TYPE_GRAPH, obj_size);
     struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph = (struct ggml_cgraph *) ((char *) ctx->mem_buffer + obj->offs);
 
-    struct ggml_tensor ** data_start = (struct ggml_tensor **) (cgraph + 1);
-
+    // the size of the hash table is doubled since it needs to hold both nodes and leafs
     size_t hash_size = ggml_hash_size(size * 2);
-    struct ggml_tensor ** nodes_ptr = data_start;
-    struct ggml_tensor ** leafs_ptr = nodes_ptr + size;
-    struct ggml_tensor ** hash_keys_ptr = leafs_ptr + size;
-    struct ggml_tensor ** grads_ptr = grads ? hash_keys_ptr + hash_size : NULL;
+
+    void * p = cgraph + 1;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor ** nodes_ptr = incr_ptr_aligned(&p, size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *), sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
+    struct ggml_tensor ** leafs_ptr = incr_ptr_aligned(&p, size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *), sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
+    struct ggml_tensor ** hash_keys_ptr = incr_ptr_aligned(&p, hash_size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *), sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
+    struct ggml_tensor ** grads_ptr = grads ? incr_ptr_aligned(&p, size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *), sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *)) : NULL;
+    ggml_bitset_t * hash_used = incr_ptr_aligned(&p, ggml_bitset_size(hash_size) * sizeof(ggml_bitset_t), sizeof(ggml_bitset_t));
 
     // check that we allocated the correct amount of memory
-    assert(obj_size == (size_t) (
-        (grads ? (char *)(grads_ptr + size) : (char *)(hash_keys_ptr + hash_size)) - (char *)cgraph));
-
-    memset(hash_keys_ptr, 0, hash_size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
+    assert(obj_size == (size_t)((char *)p - (char *)cgraph));
 
     *cgraph = (struct ggml_cgraph) {
         /*.size         =*/ size,
@@ -18201,10 +18197,12 @@ struct ggml_cgraph * ggml_new_graph_custom(struct ggml_context * ctx, size_t siz
         /*.nodes        =*/ nodes_ptr,
         /*.grads        =*/ grads_ptr,
         /*.leafs        =*/ leafs_ptr,
-        /*.hash_table   =*/ { hash_size, hash_keys_ptr },
+        /*.hash_table   =*/ { hash_size, hash_used, hash_keys_ptr },
         /*.order        =*/ GGML_CGRAPH_EVAL_ORDER_LEFT_TO_RIGHT,
     };
 
+    ggml_hash_set_reset(&cgraph->visited_hash_set);
+
     return cgraph;
 }
 
@@ -18220,7 +18218,7 @@ struct ggml_cgraph ggml_graph_view(struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph0, int i0, int i1)
         /*.nodes        =*/ cgraph0->nodes + i0,
         /*.grads        =*/ cgraph0->grads ? cgraph0->grads + i0 : NULL,
         /*.leafs        =*/ NULL,
-        /*.hash_table   =*/ { 0, NULL },
+        /*.hash_table   =*/ { 0, NULL, NULL },
         /*.order        =*/ cgraph0->order,
     };
 
@@ -18230,7 +18228,7 @@ struct ggml_cgraph ggml_graph_view(struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph0, int i0, int i1)
 void ggml_graph_cpy(struct ggml_cgraph * src, struct ggml_cgraph * dst) {
     GGML_ASSERT(dst->size >= src->n_leafs);
     GGML_ASSERT(dst->size >= src->n_nodes);
-    GGML_ASSERT(dst->visited_hash_table.size >= src->visited_hash_table.size);
+    GGML_ASSERT(dst->visited_hash_set.size >= src->visited_hash_set.size);
 
     dst->n_leafs = src->n_leafs;
     dst->n_nodes = src->n_nodes;
@@ -18251,9 +18249,9 @@ void ggml_graph_cpy(struct ggml_cgraph * src, struct ggml_cgraph * dst) {
         }
     }
 
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < src->visited_hash_table.size; ++i) {
-        if (src->visited_hash_table.keys[i]) {
-            ggml_hash_insert(dst->visited_hash_table, src->visited_hash_table.keys[i]);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < src->visited_hash_set.size; ++i) {
+        if (src->visited_hash_set.keys[i]) {
+            ggml_hash_insert(&dst->visited_hash_set, src->visited_hash_set.keys[i]);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -18279,7 +18277,7 @@ void ggml_graph_reset(struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
 void ggml_graph_clear(struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
     cgraph->n_leafs = 0;
     cgraph->n_nodes = 0;
-    memset(cgraph->visited_hash_table.keys, 0, cgraph->visited_hash_table.size * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
+    ggml_hash_set_reset(&cgraph->visited_hash_set);
 }
 
 //
@@ -18471,7 +18469,7 @@ static int ggml_get_n_tasks(struct ggml_tensor * node, int n_threads) {
                         n_tasks = n_threads;
                     } break;
                 default:
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             }
             break;
         case GGML_OP_SILU_BACK:
@@ -18598,8 +18596,8 @@ static int ggml_get_n_tasks(struct ggml_tensor * node, int n_threads) {
             } break;
         case GGML_OP_COUNT:
             {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
         default:
             {
                 fprintf(stderr, "%s: op not implemented: ", __func__);
@@ -18608,8 +18606,8 @@ static int ggml_get_n_tasks(struct ggml_tensor * node, int n_threads) {
                 } else {
                     fprintf(stderr, "%d\n", node->op);
                 }
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            } break;
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            }
     }
 
     assert(n_tasks > 0);
@@ -18719,7 +18717,7 @@ struct ggml_cplan ggml_graph_plan(const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, int n_threa
                         cur += sizeof(float)*ne00*ne01*ne02;
                         cur += sizeof(float)*ne10*ne11;
                     } else {
-                        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                     }
                 } break;
             case GGML_OP_CONV_TRANSPOSE_2D:
@@ -18765,8 +18763,8 @@ struct ggml_cplan ggml_graph_plan(const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, int n_threa
                 } break;
             case GGML_OP_COUNT:
                 {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false);
-                } break;
+                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+                }
             default:
                 break;
         }
@@ -20000,9 +19998,9 @@ static enum ggml_opt_result linesearch_backtracking(
         (*step) *= width;
     }
 
-    GGML_ASSERT(false && "line search failed");
+    GGML_ABORT("line search failed");
 
-    return GGML_LINESEARCH_FAIL;
+    //return GGML_LINESEARCH_FAIL;
 }
 
 static enum ggml_opt_result ggml_opt_lbfgs(
@@ -20270,9 +20268,9 @@ static enum ggml_opt_result ggml_opt_lbfgs(
         step[0] = 1.0;
     }
 
-    GGML_ASSERT(false && "lbfgs failed");
+    GGML_ABORT("lbfgs failed");
 
-    return GGML_OPT_RESULT_DID_NOT_CONVERGE;
+    //return GGML_OPT_RESULT_DID_NOT_CONVERGE;
 }
 
 struct ggml_opt_params ggml_opt_default_params(enum ggml_opt_type type) {
@@ -20967,10 +20965,10 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
                                     }
                                 } break;
                             case GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY:
-                            default: GGML_ASSERT(false && "invalid type"); break;
+                            default: GGML_ABORT("invalid type");
                         }
                     } break;
-                default: GGML_ASSERT(false && "invalid type");
+                default: GGML_ABORT("invalid type");
             }
 
             if (!ok) {
@@ -21551,12 +21549,12 @@ void gguf_set_kv(struct gguf_context * ctx, struct gguf_context * src) {
                         gguf_set_arr_str(ctx, src->kv[i].key.data, data, src->kv[i].value.arr.n);
                         GGML_FREE((void *)data);
                     } else if (src->kv[i].value.arr.type == GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY) {
-                        GGML_ASSERT(false && "nested arrays not supported");
+                        GGML_ABORT("nested arrays not supported");
                     } else {
                         gguf_set_arr_data(ctx, src->kv[i].key.data, src->kv[i].value.arr.type, src->kv[i].value.arr.data, src->kv[i].value.arr.n);
                     }
                 } break;
-            default: GGML_ASSERT(false && "invalid type"); break;
+            default: GGML_ABORT("invalid type");
         }
     }
 }
@@ -21565,7 +21563,7 @@ void gguf_add_tensor(
              struct gguf_context * ctx,
         const struct ggml_tensor * tensor) {
     if (gguf_find_tensor(ctx, tensor->name) != -1) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false && "duplicated tensor name");
+        GGML_ABORT("duplicated tensor name");
     }
 
     const int idx = ctx->header.n_tensors;
@@ -21598,7 +21596,7 @@ void gguf_add_tensor(
 void gguf_set_tensor_type(struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * name, enum ggml_type type) {
     const int idx = gguf_find_tensor(ctx, name);
     if (idx < 0) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false && "tensor not found");
+        GGML_ABORT("tensor not found");
     }
 
     ctx->infos[idx].type = type;
@@ -21607,7 +21605,7 @@ void gguf_set_tensor_type(struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * name, enum ggm
 void gguf_set_tensor_data(struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * name, const void * data, size_t size) {
     const int idx = gguf_find_tensor(ctx, name);
     if (idx < 0) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false && "tensor not found");
+        GGML_ABORT("tensor not found");
     }
 
     ctx->infos[idx].data = data;
@@ -21736,10 +21734,10 @@ static void gguf_write_to_buf(const struct gguf_context * ctx, struct gguf_buf *
                                 }
                             } break;
                         case GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY:
-                        default: GGML_ASSERT(false && "invalid type"); break;
+                        default: GGML_ABORT("invalid type");
                     }
                 } break;
-            default: GGML_ASSERT(false && "invalid type");
+            default: GGML_ABORT("invalid type");
         }
     }
 
@@ -21800,7 +21798,7 @@ static void gguf_write_to_buf(const struct gguf_context * ctx, struct gguf_buf *
 void gguf_write_to_file(const struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * fname, bool only_meta) {
     FILE * file = ggml_fopen(fname, "wb");
     if (!file) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false && "failed to open file for writing");
+        GGML_ABORT("failed to open file for writing");
     }
 
     struct gguf_buf buf = gguf_buf_init(16*1024);
diff --git a/src/llama-grammar.cpp b/src/llama-grammar.cpp
index bd9322e2f..b123d7331 100644
--- a/src/llama-grammar.cpp
+++ b/src/llama-grammar.cpp
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ static void llama_grammar_advance_stack(
             // end of alternate (LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT) or middle of char range
             // (LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER); stack should never be left on
             // those
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ void llama_grammar_accept_token_impl(struct llama_grammar * grammar, const struc
                 return;
             }
         }
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     const std::string & piece = vocab->cache_token_to_piece.at(token);
diff --git a/src/llama-vocab.cpp b/src/llama-vocab.cpp
index c482b3689..133094904 100644
--- a/src/llama-vocab.cpp
+++ b/src/llama-vocab.cpp
@@ -152,14 +152,14 @@ static uint8_t llama_token_to_byte(const llama_vocab & vocab, llama_token id) {
             return strtol(buf.c_str(), NULL, 16);
         }
         case LLAMA_VOCAB_TYPE_BPE: {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
-            return unicode_utf8_to_byte(token_data.text); // TODO: why is this here after GGML_ASSERT?
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            //return unicode_utf8_to_byte(token_data.text); // TODO: why is this here after GGML_ASSERT?
         }
         case LLAMA_VOCAB_TYPE_WPM: {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
@@ -1396,7 +1396,7 @@ std::vector<llama_vocab::id> llama_tokenize_internal(const llama_vocab & vocab,
                 }
             } break;
         case LLAMA_VOCAB_TYPE_NONE:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     return output;
@@ -1422,7 +1422,7 @@ llama_token llama_byte_to_token_impl(const llama_vocab & vocab, uint8_t ch) {
             return vocab.token_to_id.at(unicode_byte_to_utf8(ch));
         }
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
@@ -1606,7 +1606,7 @@ int32_t llama_token_to_piece_impl(const struct llama_vocab & vocab, llama_token
                 break;
             }
             default:
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/llama.cpp b/src/llama.cpp
index 77f7d32f8..bc830c0ef 100644
--- a/src/llama.cpp
+++ b/src/llama.cpp
@@ -2259,8 +2259,7 @@ struct llama_hparams {
             return n_head_arr[il];
         }
 
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
-        return 0;
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     uint32_t n_head_kv(uint32_t il = 0) const {
@@ -2268,8 +2267,7 @@ struct llama_hparams {
             return n_head_kv_arr[il];
         }
 
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
-        return 0;
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     uint32_t n_ff(uint32_t il = 0) const {
@@ -2277,8 +2275,7 @@ struct llama_hparams {
             return n_ff_arr[il];
         }
 
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
-        return 0;
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     uint32_t n_gqa(uint32_t il = 0) const {
@@ -8072,7 +8069,7 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * llm_build_moe_ffn(
                 cb(gate, "ffn_moe_gelu", il);
             } break;
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     ggml_tensor * par = ggml_mul(ctx, up, gate); // [n_ff, n_expert_used, n_tokens]
@@ -8635,8 +8632,8 @@ struct llm_build_context {
                 } break;
             default:
                 {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(false && "unknown pooling type");
-                } break;
+                    GGML_ABORT("unknown pooling type");
+                }
         }
 
         cb(cur, "result_embd_pooled", -1);
@@ -8891,7 +8888,7 @@ struct llm_build_context {
                         Kcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Kcur, n_embd/n_head, n_head, n_tokens);
                         break;
                     default:
-                        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 }
                 cb(Qcur, "Qcur", il);
                 cb(Kcur, "Kcur", il);
@@ -11723,7 +11720,7 @@ struct llm_build_context {
                 switch (model.type) {
                     case e_model::MODEL_9B:  Qcur = ggml_scale(ctx0, Qcur, 1.0f / sqrtf(float(n_embd_head_k)));   break;
                     case e_model::MODEL_27B: Qcur = ggml_scale(ctx0, Qcur, 1.0f / sqrtf(float(n_embd / n_head))); break;
-                    default: GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                    default: GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                 };
                 cb(Qcur, "Qcur_scaled", il);
 
@@ -13888,7 +13885,7 @@ static struct ggml_cgraph * llama_build_graph(
                 result = llm.build_jais();
             } break;
         default:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 
     // add on pooling layer
@@ -14687,8 +14684,8 @@ static int llama_decode_internal(
                     } break;
                 case LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED:
                     {
-                        GGML_ASSERT(false && "unknown pooling type");
-                    } break;
+                        GGML_ABORT("unknown pooling type");
+                    }
             }
         }
         n_outputs_prev += lctx.n_outputs;
@@ -15079,7 +15076,7 @@ static void llama_kv_cache_update_internal(struct llama_context & lctx) {
     // apply K-shift if needed
     if (lctx.model.hparams.rope_type != LLAMA_ROPE_TYPE_NONE && lctx.kv_self.has_shift) {
         if (lctx.model.arch == LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK2) { // not supported due to MLA
-            GGML_ASSERT(false && "Deepseek2 does not support K-shift");
+            GGML_ABORT("Deepseek2 does not support K-shift");
         }
 
         {
@@ -15218,7 +15215,7 @@ static void llama_tensor_dequantize_internal(
         } else if (ggml_is_quantized(tensor->type)) {
             qtype.to_float(tensor->data, f32_output, nelements);
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false); // unreachable
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error"); // unreachable
         }
         return;
     }
@@ -16904,8 +16901,7 @@ enum llama_rope_type llama_rope_type(const struct llama_model * model) {
 
         // all model arches should be listed explicitly here
         case LLM_ARCH_UNKNOWN:
-            GGML_ASSERT(false && "unknown architecture");
-            break;
+            GGML_ABORT("unknown architecture");
     }
 
     return LLAMA_ROPE_TYPE_NONE;
@@ -18469,7 +18465,7 @@ float * llama_get_logits_ith(struct llama_context * ctx, int32_t i) {
     } catch (const std::exception & err) {
         LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: invalid logits id %d, reason: %s\n", __func__, i, err.what());
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
 #endif
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -18514,7 +18510,7 @@ float * llama_get_embeddings_ith(struct llama_context * ctx, int32_t i) {
     } catch (const std::exception & err) {
         LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: invalid embeddings id %d, reason: %s\n", __func__, i, err.what());
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
 #endif
         return nullptr;
     }
diff --git a/tests/test-backend-ops.cpp b/tests/test-backend-ops.cpp
index 2c03c60d4..2fa59fd0a 100644
--- a/tests/test-backend-ops.cpp
+++ b/tests/test-backend-ops.cpp
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ static void init_tensor_uniform(ggml_tensor * tensor, float min = -1.0f, float m
         // This is going to create some weird integers though.
         ggml_backend_tensor_set(tensor, data.data(), 0, ggml_nbytes(tensor));
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
 }
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ static std::vector<float> tensor_to_float(const ggml_tensor * t) {
                         tt.to_float(&buf[i], vq.data(), bs);
                         tv.insert(tv.end(), vq.begin(), vq.end());
                     } else {
-                        GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1435,7 +1435,7 @@ struct test_argsort : public test_case {
                     ggml_backend_tensor_set(t, data.data(), r * t->nb[1], t->ne[0] * sizeof(float));
                 }
             } else {
-                GGML_ASSERT(false);
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
             }
         }
     }
@@ -2462,7 +2462,7 @@ static bool test_backend(ggml_backend_t backend, test_mode mode, const char * op
         return true;
     }
 
-    GGML_ASSERT(false);
+    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     return false;
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/test-sampling.cpp b/tests/test-sampling.cpp
index 6374958fe..de858bd3b 100644
--- a/tests/test-sampling.cpp
+++ b/tests/test-sampling.cpp
@@ -166,12 +166,12 @@ static void test_sampler_queue(
     for (auto s : samplers_sequence) {
         switch (s){
             case 'k': llama_sample_top_k    (nullptr, &candidates_p, top_k, 1); break;
-            case 'f': GGML_ASSERT(false && "tail_free test not implemented");   break;
-            case 'y': GGML_ASSERT(false && "typical test not implemented");     break;
+            case 'f': GGML_ABORT("tail_free test not implemented");   break;
+            case 'y': GGML_ABORT("typical test not implemented");     break;
             case 'p': llama_sample_top_p    (nullptr, &candidates_p, top_p, 1); break;
             case 'm': llama_sample_min_p    (nullptr, &candidates_p, min_p, 1); break;
-            case 't': GGML_ASSERT(false && "temperature test not implemented"); break;
-            default : GGML_ASSERT(false && "Unknown sampler");                  break;
+            case 't': GGML_ABORT("temperature test not implemented"); break;
+            default : GGML_ABORT("Unknown sampler");                  break;
         }
 
         llama_sample_softmax(nullptr, &candidates_p); // make sure tokens are sorted for tests
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ static void test_sampler_queue(
             GGML_ASSERT(candidates_p.data[0].id == max_token_id);
             GGML_ASSERT(candidates_p.data[expected_size-1].id == min_token_id);
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(false);
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
         }
     }